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I. Anthophyte
II. Angiosperms as a
Separate Group
Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales
(blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms
Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are
(fuschia).
monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.
Bootstrap
Value = 92
Bootstrap
Value = 83
Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C.
Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal
(Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).
Qiu et al.’s Tree
(Nature, 25 November 1999)
Based on 5 - genes
2-mitochondrial
2-plastid
Magnoliids
1-nuclear
Basal
Angiosperms
Bootstrap Value = 100
Illiciales
Nymphaeales
Amborella
Barkman et al.
6-gene tree
(PNAS 2000).
9-gene tree
Barkman et al. 2000
Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A
(Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone).
Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.
Amborella alone is
in the basal clade
Amborella and
Nymphaeales
share the basal
clade
Support Leans
Towards a Shared
Clade
Textbook
Version of the 4
Main Groups
These 3 groups
are unresolved
4 Main Angiosperm
Groups Shown on
Qiu’s Tree
4. Eudicots- the
largest group
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms
+
=Illiciales
(Trimeniaceae, Amborella)
Amborella is native
to New Caledonia
The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.
Amborellales
Amborellaceae
Amborella
Amborella branchevergreen, simple, alternate
leaves with wavy edges
www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg
Amborella Flowering Branch
Amborella male flower-note “leaflike” stamens with a thick
filament that are spirally
arranged. Amborella is dioecious.
www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg
Amborella
Female Flowers
Carpels
The “stamen”like structures
are staminodes.
www.botany.org/newsite/publications/ajb/20
04coverStories.php
Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea
Nymphaeaceae the “N” of the ANITA groups.
Note: Radial symmetry, aquatic habit, palmate venation.
We have two local species of Nymphaea
Victoria amazonica, Amazon Water Lily, Nymphaeaceae
Note many flower parts, radial symmetry
http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/foto/Nymphaea.jpg
Stamens
with wide“leaf-like”
filament.
fused carpels,
stigmas radiate
from a circular
disk
Stamens
Stigmas
Ovary
Note several locules (chambers) in the ovary
Nymphaeales
Nymphaeaceae
Nuphar
Nuphar the other main genus of the Nymphaeaceae found in the
NE- note radial symmetry, blade like filaments, fused carpels.
We have 1-3 local species of Nuphar.
Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots.
These would grow in the substrate under water.
http://www.kv.geo.uu.se/pollen/N/Nuphar.html
Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen
Monosulcate Pollen
Nuphar Embryo Sac
Recall that Nuphar female
gametophytes have only
one nucleus in their
central cell and lack the
antipodal cells entirely-making their embryo sac
only 4-celled!!
sy = synergids
cc = central cell nucleus
e = egg (behind synergids)
Illiciales
Illiciaceae
Illicium
phylogeny.arizona.edu
Illiciaceae - “I”
of ANITA
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1761_021.jpg
Illicium sp.
Star Anise
http://www.fleischlos.de/asset
s/images/sternanis.gif
Note: radial symmetry, woody,
mostly unfused flower parts
Illicium religiosum
http://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~goostake/SIKIMIX.JPG
Star anise developing
fruit and mature fruits