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Weather Weather Notes Weather is the ________ of the Earth’s atmosphere at a ___________ place and time It is the movement of _______________ through the atmosphere o Energy comes from the _______________ The sun is the force that _______________ weather The sun’s energy _______________ with earth’s atmosphere _______________ in the atmosphere o 50 % _______________ by earth’s surface. This heats the land and water o Some absorbed energy is _______ back to the atmosphere. As infrared radiation o 5% is _______________ by the surface back into the atmosphere o 20% is absorbed by _______________ and particles in the atmosphere o 25% of incoming sun is _______________ by dust, clouds, & particles Heat Transfer Wind Conduction: direct _______________ from one substance to another (touching) Radiation: direct transfer of _______________ by electromagnetic waves (through space) Convection: transfer of heat by the movement of _______________ (liquid or gas) Wind is the _______________ movement of air from an area of _______________ pressure to an area of _______________ pressure _________ pressure Low ____________ Difference in pressure o Caused by the _______________ heating of the atmosphere The _______________ air (by equator) rises The cool air _______________ or rushes to replace the rising air Measure wind o Use anemometer unit of _______________ m.p.h. (miles per hour) Wind chill: the blowing of wind on your skin makes you feel _______________ Local Winds Local winds: winds that _______________ over a small area Caused by unequal heating in a _______________ area o Examples Sea Breeze: cool air blows from _______________ toward land where hotter air has risen Land Breeze: land cools _______________ than body of water at night Hot air over water _______________ and rises _______________ air from land rushes in over the water Global winds Global winds: winds that are caused by unequal heating of the _______________ o Occurs over _______________ areas o Form from giant _______________ currents in the atmosphere (Hot up, Cold down) Air pressure at the poles is __________ than air pressure at the equator *PRESSURE DIFFERENCE CAUSES WIND* o Coriolis Effect: global winds _______________ due to the rotation of the earth. The Coriolis effect is the way the earth’s _________ makes the wind curve Winds in North curve _______________ toward equator Winds in _______________ curve left toward equator Calm Areas o Doldrums: area near the _______________ The hot air rises and is replaced by cold air, but the cold air is heated so _______________ there is not much horizontal movement o Horse latitudes: occur at 30o North and South of equator Cool air sinks: very _______________ area Global wind Belts o Trade winds: blow from the horse latitudes toward the __________ Used for _______________ routes o Polar easterlies: Cold air near the poles sinks and _________ back toward the lower latitudes Coriolis effect _______________ these winds so they meet prevailing westerlies Creates the ____________ front o Prevailing westerlies: occur in the mid-latitudes (30o-60o N & S) These blow towards the _____________ Very important to _________ in the USA Jet Stream: bands of high speed air 10 km _____________ the earth (200-400 km/hr) o Blow from West to East Water in the Atmosphere Humidity Humidity: is a measure of the _______________ in the air o Warm air can hold _______________ H2O vapor than cool air Relative Humidity: The _______________ amount of water vapor the air can hold at a particular time Dew Point: The temperature where condensation _______________ o When water vapor _______________ to liquid water Clouds Clouds form when water vapor in the air __________ to form liquid water or ice crystals o Condensation occurs when the _______________ changes and has small particles to rest on Dew: condensation on a _______________ Frost: condensation on a surface at a Temperature below ______________ Three main types of clouds o Classified by their _______________ o Cirrus: wispy _______________ “hooked ends” only at _______________ altitude made of _______________ crystals _______________ is coming o Cumulus: _______________ white Some indicate _______________ weather others indicate _______________ (cumulonimbus) nimbus means _______________ o Stratus: flat layers can produce _______________ , rain or snow _______________ called nimbostratus o Altocumulus and Altostratus: ______________ clouds o Fog: cloud that forms on or near _______________ Air Masses and Fronts Air Mass Air Mass is a huge body of air that has _______________ temperature, humidity and air pressure. There are 4 _______________ air masses Classified by the _______________ and _______________ content o Polar: _______________ Form north of the 50o N. Latitude or South of 50o S. Latitude _______________ air pressure o Tropical: _______________ Maritime ____________ air pressure Continental (dry) (wet) form in the _____________ Tropical Maritime ____________ o Maritime: _______________ (Warm) ________ Tropical Forms over ______________ Polar ________ Continental o Continental: _____________ air (Cold) Polar ___________ forms over ______________ Air masses move 2 ways o _______________ Streams o Prevailing _______________ Front Front: the boundary where air masses _____________ Four types of fronts Cold Front: _______________ moving o Can have thunderstorms o heavy cold air pushes lighter _______ air upwards Warm Front: _______________ moving o Precipitation o Warm air __________ cold air by sliding over it Stationary Front: Cold air and warm air are at a _________ o Precipitation can _______________ for days o _______________ warm nor cold air advances Occluded Front: Warm air is _______ between 2 cool air fronts o Very complex o Precipitation o Cold air is _______________ cool air at the surface warm caught air above Cyclone and Anticyclone Cyclone: an area of _______________ pressure where wind spins counterclockwise o Area of _______________ Anticyclone: an area of _______________ pressure where wind spins clockwise o _______________ dry weather Storms Storms: _______________ disturbance in the atmosphere Thunderstorms They form in a _______________ cumulonimbus cloud o Thunderheads Form when warm air is forced ________ during a cold front Form on _______________ & humid afternoons Storm Movement o Heavy _______________ o Strong _______________ within the cloud Lightening: _______________ particles travel between the cloud and earth Tornadoes Tornado is a rapidly _______________ , funnel-shaped cloud that reaches the earth. Form most commonly in cumulonimbus clouds o Warm moist air from the bottom of the cloud flows __________ (LOW PRESSURE _________ IN CLOUD) Warm air begins to _______________ Tornado forms as the funnel _______________ Measuring Tornadoes o Fujita scale (F0-F5) Hurricanes Hurricane: tropical cyclone that has _______________ of 119 km/hr or higher Formation of Hurricane o Warm _______________ air rises around the eye in spiraling bands o Air flow _______________ near the top of the hurricane o Cool dry air _______________ in the eye Hurricanes form over _______________ ocean water o As low pressure area or _______________ depression Hurricanes move in the _______________ by the Easterly Trade Winds Storm Surge: a _______________ of water that sweeps across the coast where the hurricane lands. Lake effect Snow: Cool dry air mass moves over a body of water and _______________ up water vapor Snow _______________ after the water vapor condenses again. Climate Scientists use two main factors—precipitation and temperature—to describe the _______________ of a region Factors affecting Temperature _______________ (distance from sea level) Distance from bodies of _______________ _______________ currents _______________ (distance from equator) o World Temperature _______________ Polar Zone: _______________ climates Temperate zone: warm or hot in _______________ , cool or cold in _______________ . Tropical zone: _______________ climate Factors affecting Precipitation Prevailing _______________ _______________ Seasonal _______________