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THE ATMOSPHERE1
THE ATMOSPHERE IS IN CONSTANT TRANSITION
The proto planetary disc,
from which the earth is made,
was composed of
H
Hydrogen
He
Helium
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
and other elements &
simple molecules.
THE ATMOSPHERE2
As the gases collected around
orbiting bodies, they formed
new gas compounds,
H2
Diatomic Hydrogen
O2
Diatomic Oxygen
Greenhouse
CH4 Methane
Gases
NH3 Ammonia
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2
Carbon dioxide
H2O
Water
From these gases came more complex organic compounds,
including, carbon rings, helixes and amino acids.
THE ATMOSPHERE3
Sun
The planetary disc dissipates under the
influence of gravity and heat, condensing
into the sun, or around gas giants, exiting
the inner planets.
INNER PLANETS
Closer to the Sun
OUTER PLANETS
Further from Sun
Planet
Formation
Out Gasing
H2 Escapes due to
heat & gravity of sun,
leaving an H2 depleted
atmospere…
Out Gasing
H2 remains
from low temp
& local gravity.
It reacts with
out gases, forming
an H2 rich
atmosphere
THE OUT GASING OF
THE ATMOSPHERE
OUT GASING
Out gasing from the interior of
the geosphere blends in with the
primordial, planetary disc gases,
to form the first atmosphere.
As rock-metals are heated and
pressurized from the compressing
planet, they change in composition,
releasing gases.
The gases are expelled through
volcanic ruptures and geologic
rifts. The force of gravity on
Earth is such that it can hold the
most gases in a gaseous state, w/in the
normal range of earth temperatures.
Gases released into
The atmosphere
Ocean
Volcanic Rupture
Subduction
Zone
Mantle
THE GAS MOSIAC
Each of the gases of the Atmosphere
plays a role in converting the sun’s
Energy into usable energy
A. Oxygen is highly combustible
and chemically reactive.
B. Nitrogen is much less so. The
ratio of about 4:1 prevents
Oxygen from being too reactive
C. As Hydrogen reduced, free Oxygen
and Ozone (O3) could form,
screening out ultra violet light.
D. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) absorbs
infrared light holding heat
E. Water Vapor gasifies and condenses
holding and moderating weather by
fluxing between liquid & gaseous
states in the presence of heat
F. Clouds (water & particulates)
provide solar reflectivity (Albedo)
Solar
Energy
Average Temp = 65 f
Nitrogen
78%
Other
1.0%
Oxygen
21%
“Other Gases”includes
Argon, CO(n), SO(n),
NO(n), CH(n),
Water Vapor
Particulates
& Others Gaseous
elements & compounds
ATMOSPHERES
COMPOSTION
The atmosphere is comprised of
6.0 quadrillion (6.0E+15) tons, or
about 30 million tons / mi^2 of gases
that surround the geosphere.
A. The principle gases that make up
The atmosphere include
Nitrogen
c78%
Oxygen
c21%
Argon
c <1%
B. In addition there are other important
gases of lesser quantities including
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
c 0.0003%
Water Vapor (H2O)
< 1%
C. The atmosphere acts as a fluid medium within which
energy and chemicals can be transferred
that sustain life >> for example, Oxygen
is taken from the atmosphere and
combined with sugars for respiration,
the key energy release process for living things—
the by-product of Carbon Dioxide is used in
Photosynthesis
Nitrogen
78%
Other
1.0%
Oxygen
21%
“Other Gases”includes
• Carbon Dioxide
• Water Vapor
• Nitrogen Compounds
• Sulfur Compounds
• Particulates
• & Others Gases
ALBEDO PROCESS
The Atmosphere acts as a shield
ALBEDO
around the earth allowing only a
Sunlight
narrow range of energy to reach
the surface.
A. Ultra Violet light and other
high energy waves are reduced by
reflection and dissipation
Absorbed
B. This stabilizes energy input from
the sun so that the chemical processes
Reflected
of life can operate
Atmosphere &
C. It also screens the earth from space
Cloud Cover
debris which would also disrupt the
biosphere
D. In addition, the atmosphere acts to
moderate the fluctuating light waves
of the sun into a stable temperature.
E. The consequences of the dissipation, absorption
and reflection of the sun’s rays is that gases
Heat
in the Atmosphere undergo chemical changes,
resulting in Atmospheric Chemical Cycles
Dissipated
(including Ozone, Greenhouse, and Acid…
OZONE IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Oxygen prefers partnering as
a diatomic (2) oxygen
molecule.
As O2 is struck with UVc light
from the Sun, the O2 breaks
apart into free Oxygen.
The fee Oxygen combines
with O2 and forms an
unstable O3.
When Ozone (O3) is struck
with UVb, it breaks the O3
into an O2 molecule and free
Oxygen atom.
Sunlight Energy
UV waves
Captured by
Ozone
Reflected
by clouds
Absorbed
Atmosphere &
Cloud Cover
Heat Energy
Radiated back
Captured by Greenhouse
Effect
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
A.
Solar
Energy
C.
D.
E.
Oxygen
21%
Atmospheric Heat can be
Expressed as an Equation
which reads
Solar Energy + 78% N2 + 21% O2 + 1% Other Gases
= Atmosphere Content +
Temperature
B.
Average Temp = 65 f
The presence of “Other Gases” controls
the absorption rate of heat from the sun
The light coming in is absorbed by the earth
and radiated as heat.
The radiated heat is absorbed by “Other
Gases (Greenhouse Gases)” and retained.
This process is called the Greenhouse Effect
Other
1.0%
Nitrogen
78%
“Other Gases”includes
Argon, CO(n), SO(n),
NO(n), CH(n),
Water Vapor
Particulates
& Others Gaseous
elements & compounds
CLIMATE
The energy from the sun over time
establishes a pattern of weather referred
to as climate. There are several factors
that govern climate including
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The more curved the earth based on
latitude, the more light is deflected,
the less heat is available
The tilt of the earth on its axis moves
the intensity of light at any location
over the year causing seasons
Surface color and texture vary in
how much heat is retained
Ocean currents move warm & cold
water to varying locations
Topography influences wind and
water condensation patterns
Arctic
Sub-Arctic
Mid-Latitude
Sub-Tropical
Tropical
Sub-Tropical
Mid-Latitude
Sub-Arctic
Arctic
23 degree tilt on axis
from orbital perpendicular
1.
Light from the sun
heats air causing it
to expand
2.
When light is less,
the air cools &
condenses resulting
in large air masses
of cooler hi pressure,
dense air, and warm
low pressure air.
3.
When warmer low
pressure air meets
with cool, hi pressure
air, the differential
pressures generate
localized winds
WHEATHER
Low
Pressure
4.
Water from warm
Air mass condenses
In the cool air mass
around dust particles,
forming clouds
& causing
precipitation
5.
The more dramatic
the pressure/temp
differentials,
the greater the air
instability, and the
more the weather
volatility.
High
Pressure
wind
High
Pressure
wind
Low
Pressure
OZONE PROCESS
Oxygen prefers partnering as
a diatomic (2) oxygen
molecule.
As O2 is struck with UVc light
from the Sun, the O2 breaks
apart into free Oxygen.
The fee Oxygen combines
with O2 and forms an
unstable O3.
When Ozone (O3) is struck
with UVb, it breaks the O3
into an O2 molecule and free
Oxygen atom.
O2 + UVc = O + O
UVc
+
+
2 O + 2 O2 = 2 O3
UVb
2 O3 + UVb = 2 O2 + 2 O
CFC INTERFERENCE
with Ozone Process
Oxygen prefers partnering as
a diatomic (2) oxygen
molecule.
UVc
As O2 is struck with UVc light
from the Sun, the O2 breaks
apart into free Oxygen.
The fee Oxygen combines
with a CFC and forms an
unstable CFC Oxide.
When UVb strikes the CFC
Oxide, it does nothing. The
UVb simply passes on to the
earth’s surface.
O2 + UVc = O + O
+
+
2 O + CFC = CFC O2
(CFC Oxide)
UVb
CFCO2 + UVb = null
(CFC Oxide)
Blocked by Ozone
Sunlight
Radiated Heat
is absorbed by
Greenhouse Gases
ALBEDO
Reflected
GREENHOUSE
WARMING
Normal Blend of Atmosphere
c 78% N2 c 21% O2 c 1% Greenhouse
= c 65 degrees F
CO2 NO(n) CH3 H2O
Heat
radiated
Elevated Greenhouse Blend in Atmosphere
c 75% N2 c 20% O2 c 5% Greenhouse
= c 69 degrees F
Sunlight reaching the atmosphere is either reflected or absorbed.
Reflected light returns to space. Absorbed light is converted to heat. Heat
radiating from the Earth is absorbed by the Greenhouse Gases in the
Greenhouse effect. The greater the Greenhouse Gas concentration,
The more heat that is absorbed and retained.
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCES
Sources of Greenhouse Gas include:
Biotic Respiration
CO2 given off while breathing
NO(n) expiration from the soil
CH3 from large animals
Volcanoes
Mt St Helen’s erupts with the force of
a 20 kiloton hydrogen bomb, spewing
clouds of “Other Gases” into the atmosphere
Burning
Forest & grass fires
Anthropogenic Sources
Industrial Pollution
Energy Generation
Automobile Emissions
Agricultural Fertilizers & Livestock
P
O
L
L
U
T
I
O
N
O
V
E
R
C
H
I
N
A
ACID RAIN
As the Atmosphere is heated it will now
become more chemically reactive
A.
B.
C.
D.
Water will combine with Nitrogen to
form Nitrous Oxides
Water will combine with Sulfur to form
Sulfur Oxides
When combined with water these become
acidic
Carbon Dioxide will combine with water
form Carbolic Acid
H2O + NO2
H2O + SO2 + O
H2O + CO
= H2NO3
= H2SO4
= H2CO3
Precipitation formed in the
polluted atmosphere contains
Water
H2O
Nitric Acid
H2NO3
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
Carbonic Acid
H2CO3
Many of these are corrosive
acids
IMPACT OF
ACID RAIN
Acids (OH) are highly
corrosive, even when
diluted.
H2NO3, H2SO4, H2CO3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Acid Rain will fall on the earth’s surface
changing the acid ph of all ocean and fresh
water below it.
Rocks exposed to Acid Rain will erode and
dissolve faster.
Acid rain in soil increases soil acidity which
impacts plant species.
A perpetual change in the Ph of water alters
the DNA of affected species.
Altered DNA increases mutation rates,
stressing reproductive balance.
Deciduous
with grasses
Coniferous
with no grases
DNAn + X(OH) = DNAm
SOURCES OF ACID POLLUTION
Sources of Acidic Additives
to the Atmosphere include:
Biotic Respiration
CO2 given off while breathing
NO(n) expiration from the soil
Volcanoes
Mt St Helen’s erupts with the force of
a 20 kiloton hydrogen bomb, spewing
clouds of “Other Gases” into the atmosphere
Anthropogenic Sources (burning fossil fuels)
Industrial Pollution
Energy Generation
Automobile Emissions
Agricultural Fertilizers
Pollution over India Bangladesh
SUMMARY
The atmosphere shapes the biosphere by
A. Acting as a reservoir for gases that are needed
to continue life activities
B. Maintain weather and climatic conditions within
which the biosphere can continue
C. Screening out harmful rays and stabilizing the
energy fluctuations of the sun’s energy output
The atmosphere shapes the hydrosphere by
A. Regulating ocean temperatures
B. Releasing and absorbing different gases
C. Acting as medium for water vapor in the
the hydrologic cycle
The atmosphere shapes the geosphere through
A. Acting as a reservoir for different gases
B. Facilitating the Rock & Soil Cycles through
temperature variation
C. Contributing to erosion of the topography
through weathering
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere