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Air Temperature ►Temperature : a measure of the average speed at which molecules are moving or vibrating. ►Air temperature the rate of motion of gas molecules in the atmosphere as a result of the absorption of energy measured by a thermometer Temperature scales ► Celsius water freezes at 0o water boils at 100o ► Fahrenheit water freezes at 32o water boils at 212o ► Kelvin no molecular motion at 0 K water freezes at 273 K water boils at 373 K Conversions ►oF = (1.8 x oC) + 32 ►oC = 0.56 (oF - 32) ►K = oC + 273 What determines the temperature of a place? 1. Insolation (daily and annual cycles) 2. Latitude 3. Urban/Rural Surface 4. Coastal vs. Interior location 5. Elevation 1. Insolation A. Changing angle of noon sun throughout the year changes temperature on a seasonal basis. ►Why temperature difference between equinoxes? ► Spring : at end of cold, short day period more energy loss ►Autumn : at end of warm, long day period more energy gain 1. Insolation B. Changing angle of sun throughout the day changes temperature on a daily basis. ►lag between max insolation and max temperature because highest temp at time of max ABSORBED insolation 2. Latitude ► Higher latitudes receive less insolation than lower latitudes sun’s rays are more oblique daylength is variable Net energy surplus in tropics; net energy deficit in polar regions 3. Urban/rural Surface ► Evapotranspiration differences ► Urban impervious surfaces ► Urban highly absorbent (low albedo) surfaces ► Urban fuel consumption and excess heat ► “Urban heat island” 4. Coastal vs. interior locations ►Water bodies have a moderating effect on temperature. ► “Land heats up and cools down more rapidly than water.” Therefore: ►Coastal: smaller temperature ranges than continental locations. ►Coastal locations have their maximum temperatures well after maximum insolation. ►Lake effect in Duluth is an example of changes in temperature due to being close to a large body of water. 5. Altitude / Elevation ►Temperature decreases as elevation increases. less mass, less pressure, less absorption Exception: temperature inversion ►Conditions favorable for a temperature inversion: cool, clear, calm night