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CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Weather Patterns
the BIG idea
Some features of weather have predictable patterns.
16.1 The atmosphere's air pressure changes.
16.2 The atmosphere has wind patterns.
16.3 Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
16.4 Water falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER RESOURCES
16.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The atmosphere's air pressure changes.
Air pressure is the force of air molecules pushing on
an area. Air pressure and density
as you move
in the atmosphere. Air pressure can also differ in two
locations at the same altitude (ex. pop cans).
VOCABULARY
air pressure
barometer
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
The atmosphere has wind patterns.
Wind blows from areas of high pressure toward
areas of low pressure. Earth's rotation causes long
distance winds to curve.
VOCABULARY
weather
wind
global wind
Coriolis effect
jet stream
area of high
pressure
area of low
pressure
VISUALIZATION
VISUALIZATION
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Explore how breezes blowing
over land and water change
over the course of a day.
View an animation of the
Coriolis effect.
monsoon
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
Clouds form when the air cools to it’s dew point and
are made of tiny water droplets that condense from
water vapor in rising air.
level where
condensation begins
VOCABULARY
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
humidity
saturation
relative humidity
dew point
Water must condense on something solid. There are no
large solid surfaces in the air. However, the air is filled
with tiny particles such as dust, smoke, and salt from
the ocean. Water vapor condenses on these particles.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
Clouds are classified and named according to
their altitudes, the ways they form, and their
general characteristics.
VOCABULARY
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
• Cirrus (SEER–uhs) means "curl of hair."
Cirrus clouds appear feathery or wispy. Cirrus
clouds form in very cold air at high altitudes
and are made of ice crystals.
• Cumulus (KYOOM–yuh–luhs) means "heap"
or "pile." Cumulus-type clouds can grow to be
very tall. The tallest clouds are cumulonimbus
clouds, or thunderheads. These clouds
produce thunderstorms that drop heavy rainfall.
humidity
saturation
relative humidity
dew point
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
• Stratus (STRAT–uhs) means "spread out."
 Stratus-type clouds form in flat layers.
They form in layers when air cools over a
large area without rising or when the air
is gently lifted.
 Stratus clouds are smooth because they
form without strong air movement.
 Some low stratus clouds are so dark that
they completely block out the Sun. These
clouds produce steady, light
precipitation—unlike the brief showers
that come from cumulus clouds.
VOCABULARY
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
humidity
saturation
relative humidity
dew point
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.3
•
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
Fog is a cloud that rests on the ground or a
body of water.
 Like stratus clouds, fog has a smooth
appearance.
 It usually forms when a surface is colder
than the air above it. Water vapor in the
air condenses as it cools, forming a thick
mist.
 Fog on land tends to be heaviest at
dawn, after the ground has cooled
overnight. It clears as the ground is
heated up by sunlight.
VOCABULARY
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
humidity
saturation
relative humidity
dew point
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Water falls to Earth’s surface as
precipitation.
VOCABULARY
freezing rain
Water droplets in clouds merge
to form raindrops.
sleet
hail
Ice crystals in clouds can form
snow, rain, and other types of
precipitation.
Freezing rain
is rain that
freezes when
it hits the
ground or
other
surfaces.
Sleet is rain
that freezes
into ice pellets
while falling
through cold
air.
Snow forms
from ice
crystals that
merge in
clouds.
acid rain
Hail forms
when ice pellets
move up and
down in clouds,
growing larger
as they gain
layers of ice.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Water falls to Earth’s surface as
precipitation.
VOCABULARY
• When the temperature inside
a cloud is below freezing,
water vapor changes into tiny
ice crystals.
 The crystals grow by
collecting more water
vapor or by colliding
and merging with one
another.
 Snow isn't the only type
of precipitation that
forms this way.
freezing rain
sleet
hail
acid rain
*Most rain in the United States
actually starts out as falling ice
crystals. Before the crystals
reach the ground, they melt in
a layer of warm air.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.4
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Water falls to Earth’s surface as
precipitation.
VOCABULARY
Precipitation can carry pollution.
freezing rain
• Factories, power plants, automobiles, and
some natural sources release sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides into the air.
sleet
 These gases can combine with
water vapor to form sulfuric acid
and nitric acid. The acids mix with
cloud droplets or ice crystals that
eventually fall to Earth's surface as
precipitation.
hail
acid rain
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
16.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The atmosphere's air pressure changes.
I. The atmosphere's air pressure changes.
A. Air exerts pressure.
VOCABULARY
air pressure
barometer
B. Air pressure is related to altitude and density.
1. Pressure and Air Motion
2. Barometers and Air Pressure
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
16.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The atmosphere has wind patterns.
II. The atmosphere has wind patterns.
A. Uneven heating causes air to move.
B. Earth’s rotation affects wind direction.
C. Bands of calm air separate global wind belts.
1. Calm Regions
2. Wind Belts
VOCABULARY
weather
wind
global wind
Coriolis effect
jet stream
monsoon
3. Effects of Wind on Travel
D. Jet streams flow near the top of the troposphere.
E. Patterns of heating and cooling cause local
winds and monsoons.
1. Local Winds
2. Monsoons
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
16.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
III. Most clouds form as air rises and cools.
A. Temperature affects water in the air.
1. Water in the Air
2. Humidity and Relative Humidity
B. Water vapor condenses and forms clouds.
VOCABULARY
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
humidity
saturation
1. Characteristics of Clouds
relative humidity
2. Cirrus Clouds
dew point
3. Cumulus Clouds
4. Stratus Clouds
5. Fog
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
16.4
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Water falls to Earth’s surface as
precipitation.
IV. Water falls to Earth’s surface as precipitation.
A. Precipitation forms from water droplets or ice
crystals.
1. Measuring Precipitation
VOCABULARY
freezing rain
sleet
hail
acid rain
2. Types of Precipitation
B. Precipitation can carry pollution.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER HOME
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