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Figure 6-1 Page 101 Slide 1 Cool air mass Warm air mass Anvil top Warm air mass Cool air mass Figure 6-2 Page 102 Slide 2 Descending cool air Severe thunderstorm Tornado forms when cool downdraft and warm updraft of air meet and interact Rising warm air Severe thunderstorms can trigger a number of smaller tornadoes Rising updraft of air Figure 6-3 Page 103 Slide 3 Rising winds exit from the storm at high altitudes. The calm central eye usually is about 24 kilometers (15 miles) wide. Gales circle the eye at speeds of up to 320 kilometers (200 miles) per hour. Moist surface winds spiral in towards the center of the storm Figure 6-4 Page 104 Slide 4 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Climate is the average weather patterns for an area over a long period of time (30 - 1,000,000 years). It is determined by Average Precipitation and Average Temperature which are influenced by latitude altitude ocean currents and affects where people live how people live what they grow and eat Figure 6-6 Page 105 Slide 5 Polar (ice) Warm temperate Highland Subarctic (snow) Dry Major upwelling zones Cool temperate Tropical Warm ocean current Cold ocean current River Figure 6-6 Page 106 Slide 6 Ocean currents and climate animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 7 Spring (sun aims directly at equator) Winter (northern hemisphere tilts away from sun) 23.5º Solar radiation Summer (northern hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fall (sun aims directly at equator) Figure 6-7 Page 106 Slide 8 Air circulation and climate animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 9 60ºN Cold deserts Westerlies Northeast trades Forests 30ºN Hot deserts Forests Equator Southeast trades 0º Hot deserts 30ºs Westerlies Forests Cold deserts 60ºS Figure 6-8 Page 107 Slide 10 LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE Heat released radiates to space Cool, dry air Condensation and precipitation Falls, is compressed, warms Rises, expands, cools Warm, dry air Hot, wet air Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat HIGH Moist surface warmed by sun LOW PRESSURE PRESSURE Figure 6-9 Page 107 Slide 11 Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Polar cap Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert 30° Cell 2 North Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 North Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Tropical deciduous forest 0° Equator Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest 30° 60° Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cell 1 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 2 South Polar cap Cold, dry air falls Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 South Figure 6-10 Page 107 Slide 12 Air circulation interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 13 Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients Figure 6-11 Page 108 Slide 14 Upwelling along western coasts animation. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 15 Surface winds blow westward EQUATOR AUSTRALIA Warm waters pushed westward SOUTH AMERICA Warm water Cold water Normal Conditions Figure 6-12a Page 108 Slide 16 Winds weaken, causing updrafts and storms Drought in Australia and Southeast Asia EQUATOR AUSTRALIA Warm water flow stopped or reversed Warm water SOUTH AMERICA Warm water deepens off South America Cold water El Niño Conditions Figure 6-12b Page 108 Slide 17 El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods Figure 6-13 Page 109 Slide 18 (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wavelength IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (c) As concentrations of greenhouse gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. Figure 6-14 Page 110 Slide 19 Greenhouse effect interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 20 Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture. Dry habitats Moist habitats Figure 6-15 Page 110 Slide 21 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Figure 6-16 Page 111 Slide 22 Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Latitude Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Figure 6-18 Page 112 Slide 23 Tropical desert (Saudi Arabia) Figure 6-19a Page 113 Slide 24 Temperate desert (Reno, Nevada) Figure 6-19b Page 113 Slide 25 Polar desert (northwest China) Figure 6-19c Page 113 Slide 26 Red-tailed hawk Producer to primary consumer Gambel's quail Yucca Jack rabbit Agave Primary to secondary consumer Collared lizard Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Darkling beetle Bacteria Fungi Figure 6-20 Page 114 Kangaroo rat Slide 27 Natural Capital Degradation Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by offroad vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Figure 6-21 Page 115 Slide 28 Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe) Figure 6-22a Page 115 Slide 29 Figure 6-22b Page 115 Temperate grassland (Lawrence, Kansas) Slide 30 Figure 6-22c Page 115 Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska) Slide 31 Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Warthog Thompson's gazelle Dry Grassland Waterbuck Grant's zebra Moist Grassland Figure 6-23a Page 116 Slide 32 Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino Dik-dik East African eland Dry Thorn Scrub Blue duiker Greater kudu Bushbuck Riverine Forest Figure 6-23b Page 116 Slide 33 Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Secondary to higher-level consumer Grasshopper All producers and consumers to decomposers Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi Prairie coneflower Figure 6-24 Page 117 Slide 34 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET Figure 6-25 Page 118 Slide 35 Long-tailed jaeger Grizzly bear Producer to primary consumer Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Snowy owl Arctic fox Horned lark Secondary to higher-level consumer Willow ptarmigan All consumers and producers to decomposers Dwarf Dwarfwillow willow Lemming Mountain Mountaincranberry cranberry Moss campion campion Moss Figure 6-26 Page 119 Slide 36 Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles Figure 6-27 Page 120 Slide 37 Figure 6-28a Page 136 Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil) Slide 38 Figure 6-28b Page 120 Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee) Slide 39 Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) (Moscow, Russia) Figure 6-28c Page 120 Slide 40 Harpy eagle Blue and gold macaw Ocelot Producer to primary consumer Squirrel monkeys Primary to secondary consumer Katydid Secondary to higher-level consumer Climbing monstera palm Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake Tree frog All producers and consumers to decomposers Ants Bromeliad Figure 6-29 Page 121 Fungi Bacteria Slide 41 Interaction in a rainforest interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 42 45 Harpy eagle 40 35 Height (meters) Emergent layer Toco toucan Canopy 30 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta 0 Shrub layer Ground layer Figure 6-30 Page 122 Slide 43 Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse White-tailed deer Metallic Metallic woodboring beetle wood-boring and larvae beetle and Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle Fungi Bacteria Long-tailed weasel Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Racer Wood frog Figure 6-31 Page 123 Slide 44 Blue jay Great horned owl Marten Balsam fir Moose White spruce Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer Wolf Bebb willow Pine sawyer beetle and larvae All producers and consumers to decomposers Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry Figure 6-32 Page 124 Slide 45 Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Damage to soils from off-road vehicles Figure 6-33 Page 125 Slide 46 Natural Capital Degradation Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Soil damage from off-road vehicles Figure 6-34 Page 126 Slide 47 Coastal breezes interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 48 El Nino Southern Oscillation interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 49 Greenhouse effect interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 50 Biomes map interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 51 Prairie food web interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 52
