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Final Review 34-74 Weather Continued 34-37 Question 34 Summer = warm humid conditions. The air begins to rise from the surface throughout the day and then cools at higher altitudes to produce the type of clouds associated with thunderstorms. Why do thunderstorms often occur in the afternoon during the summer? A. Surface cooling throughout the day causes unstable conditions in the troposphere. B. Surface warming throughout the day causes unstable conditions in the troposphere. C. Surface cooling throughout the day causes stable conditions in the troposphere. D. Surface warming throughout the day causes stable conditions in the troposphere. Question 35 What data do infrared satellites use to create images? A. temperature measurements B. pressure measurements C. humidity measurements – D. visible light measurements Infrared imagery detects differences in thermal energy, which are used to map either cloud cover or surface temperatures. – The colder the cloud top the higher it is. – Strength of a thunderstorm is related to its height. Question 36 In the diagram above, the occluded front is closest to letter _____. A. B. C. A occluded front is the result of a cold air mass overtaking a warm front, wedging the warm air upward. Precipitation is common on both sides of an occluded front. Question 37 In the diagram above, the warm front is closest to letter _____. A. B. C. Advancing warm air displaces cold air. – The warm air develops a gradual slope, not steep like a cold front. – Often has long periods of cloudiness and precipitation. Climate 38-52 Question 38 What causes seasons on this planet? A. The distance of a place from the equator B. Prevailing winds blowing across land or water C. The tilt of the Earth’s Axis D. The rotation of the Earth E. The position of the Moon to Earth Question 39 The windward side of a mountain usually A. Is a desert B. Has no precipitation C. Is lush and green D. Has warm, sinking air A rain shadow is an area of land that receives reduced precipitation due to proximity to mountain ranges. The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems, casting a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Warm moist air rises through "orographic lifting" to the top of a mountain. It expands and cools to the dew point and it precipitates onto the windward side making it more lush and green with plants. Question 40 Which of the following is an example of a microclimate? A. The polar zone B. A rain forest C. A savanna D. A city • This is an example of a microclimate, a localized climate that differs from the main regional climate. • The concrete and asphalt can create heat islands, where the climate is warmer than surrounding rural areas. • Sometimes as much as 3 degrees Celsius difference. Question 41 What are the two most important factors in determining the climate of an area? A. Precipitation and light B. Temperature and ocean currents C. Light and temperature D. Precipitation and ocean currents E. Temperature and precipitation Below are climate graphs comparing them by those two factors. Along the x-axis is months of the year. The y-axis shows rising temps or precip Do you know which is which biome? Question 42 What Roman Numeral best describes where El Nino begins? A. I •Every 5 years is a return of warm B. II •It water to the surface that C. III cuts off cold water from below as seen to the D. IV right. Normal on top El Nino below. E. V •Causes floods in some regions and drought in others. •Less hurricanes in our region South American / Peru/ Ecuador region Question 43 Ice ages are about ___ degrees Celsius cooler than normal. A. 1 C cooler B. 5 C cooler C. 8 C cooler D. 10 C cooler E. 12 C cooler The last ice age was about 10,000 years ago. Question 44 Which gas is associated with global warming A. B. C. D. E. Nitrogen oxide gasses Sulfur dioxide gasses Carbon dioxide gasses CFCs Hydrogen gasses • Scientists theorize that any increase in the amount of greenhouse gases, particular carbon dioxide (CO2), would result in the increased absorption of radiation. • Global warming - rise in global temperatures that could result from higher levels of greenhouse gases. Question 45 In general, as latitude increases, the average yearly temperature A. increases B. decreases C. remains the same D. varies irregularly Remember latitude lines run parallel to the equator with the equator being “0” latitude. The poles are the highest latitudes at 90. The closer a location is to the equator the more direct rays of sunlight they get. Question 46 A city near the equator can be coolest if it is A. near the ocean B. at a high altitude C. in the prevailing westerlies D. in a jungle clearing • The temperature of the lower atmosphere decreases with increasing distance from Earth’s surface which is the heat source for air as it reradiates infrared radiation from the sun. • An air mass (dry) will cool off by 10°C for every 1000m increase in altitude. Question 47 Which change is most likely to cause Earth to cool? A. shrinking of polar land masses B. decrease in cloud cover C. increased reflection of sunlight into space D. decreased reflection of sunlight into space Albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected from the Earth back into space. It is a measure of the reflectivity of the earth's surface. Ice, especially with snow on top of it, has a high albedo: most sunlight hitting the surface bounces back towards space. Water is much more absorbent and less reflective. So, if there is a lot of water and less ice/snow, more solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean than when ice dominates. When more solar radiation is absorbed there will be higher temperatures. This is a concern with global warming, if the polar ice caps start to melt temperatures will rise even higher. Question 48 Which area of Earth receives almost-vertical rays of the sun all through the year? A. high latitudes B. middle latitudes C. latitudes near the equator D. all of the above • The Sun feels hotter in the tropics because its rays strike Earth most directly • Polar regions – rays strike Earth at low angles. – the same amount of energy is spread over a larger area. Question 49 A city and a forest are located in the same region. On a hot summer day, which would have cooler outdoor temperatures? A. The city would be cooler. B. The forest would be cooler. C. Both would be the same. D. none of the above • This is an example of a microclimate, a localized climate that differs from the main regional climate. • The concrete and asphalt can create heat islands, where the climate is warmer than surrounding rural areas. • Sometimes as much as 3 degrees Celsius difference. Question 50 What is smog made of? A. B. C. D. ozone and vehicle exhaust ozone and radon acid rain Carbon dioxide Smog is a photochemical haze caused by the action of solar radiation on an atmosphere polluted with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides mostly from automobile exhaust systems. Ozone (O3), the major chemical in smog, is a gas molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. – Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere because it absorbs and filters out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. – Ground-level ozone irritates the eyes, noses, throats, and lungs of humans, and it also has harmful effects on plants Air pollution also occurs in the form of particulate matter ranging in size from microscopic bits to large grains. Particulates can lodge in lung tissues and cause breathing difficulties and lung disease. Question 51 Ozone in the stratosphere is very important to living things because it A. reflects ultraviolet radiation B. absorbs ultraviolet radiation C. creates holes for ultraviolet radiation D. reduces smog caused by ultraviolet radiation Ozone is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun. UV radiation is divided into three categories, based on its wavelength; these are referred to as UV-A , UV-B , and UV-C. UV-C, which would be very harmful to all living things, is entirely screened out by ozone at around 35 km altitude (stratosphere). UV-B radiation can be harmful to the skin and is the main cause of sunburn; excessive exposure can also cause genetic damage, resulting in problems such as skin cancer. The ozone layer is very effective at screening out UV-B, nevertheless, some UV-B reaches the surface. Most UV-A reaches the surface; this radiation is significantly less harmful, although it can potentially cause genetic damage. Question 52 How would Earth's surface temperature be affected if there were no greenhouse effect? A. Earth's average surface temperature would increase. B. Earth's average surface temperature would The greenhouse effect is natural decrease. Heating of Earth’s surface caused by the C. Earth's average surface retention of heat by certain atmospheric temperature would not be gases. affected. – Without the greenhouse effect our planet D. none of the above would be cold. – A marked increase in the greenhouse effect might cause our planet to be hot. Oceanography 53-74 Question 53 How does the Coriolis effect make ocean currents appear to move in the northern hemisphere? A. back and forth B. in a curved path C. Clockwise D. against the Earth’s rotation E. Counter clock wise The oceans contain closed circular current systems, called gyres. The Coriolis effect • Results from Earth’s rotation. • Large bodies of moving particles such as air and water are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere, left in the s.hemisphere. http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php ?video_id=195342 Question 54 How are deep currents different from surface currents? A. they are warmer and faster B. they are caused by winds C. they are denser and slower D. some are colder than others E. Move from the tropics to the poles – As sea ice forms, most salt is forced out of the freezing water. – The cold water around the ice becomes saltier and denser and sinks – Cold water moves toward the equator along the ocean floor Question 55 What happens to the water that is left behind after evaporation? a. it gets hotter b. it gets less dense c. It moves faster to stay warm d. its salinity increases e. Its salinity decreases When water evaporates it leaves behind the same amount of salt but now less water to dilute it. The water at the surface then becomes higher in salinity and the process repeats. Question 56 and 57 With sonar, sound impulses bounce off the ocean floor. The longer it takes sound to return to a ship…? A. the louder the sound becomes B. the weaker the sound becomes C. the closer the ocean floor is in that spot D. the deeper the ocean floor is in that spot E. Its more likely they’re absorbed into the mud. The word "sonar" is an abbreviation for "SOund, NAvigation, and Ranging". It was developed as a means of tracking enemy submarines during World War II. In the simplest terms, a sound wave is sent into the water. When this wave strikes an object, it rebounds. Since the speed of sound in water is constant (approximately 4800 feet per second), the time lapse between the transmitted signal and the received echo can be measured and the distance to the object determined. Question 58 Where would the temperature of the ocean probably be lowest? A. near the poles in winter B. near the equator fall C. near the poles in summer D. near the equator in winter E. Near the poles in fall • The temperature of ocean waters gets colder the closer you get to the poles due to the Earth’s axis title and the amount of sunlight received. • The ocean also get’s colder with depth. Sunlight is quickly absorbed by water and little heating takes place in deep waters. Question 59 and 60 Surface currents are caused by…? a. Floods b. warm water c. the wind d. the equator e. salinity differences Wind-driven surface currents affect the upper few hundred meters of the ocean. Upwelling occurs when winds push surface water aside and the surface water is replaced by cold, deep water. The curved paths of global winds and surface currents are caused by…? a. the rotation of the Earth b. the Coriolis effect c. warm air near the equator d. continental deflection e. The gravitation pull of the moon. Continued next slide Question 60 continued Question 61 The Gulf Stream Current moves warm water from…? a. Peru to Polynesia b. higher to lower latitudes c. lower to higher latitudes d. east to west e. Greenland to Mexico The Gulf Stream, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastline of the United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America and the west coast of Europe. The climate of Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift Question 62 As energy moves in waves Water in a wave moves in through the water, the a circular motion; It water moves….? does not move forward. a. in waves toward shore b. in a small vertical circle c. in the direction of the waves d. against the current e. Vibrating up and down Question 63 When deep water waves reach water shallower than one-half of their wavelength, they a. reverse their flow b. enter the breaker zone c. decrease in height d. increase in height e. bend away from shallow areas • When waves reach shallow water, friction with the bottom slows them, and they break. • Breaker - collapsing wave that forms when a wave reaches shallow water. Question 64 Why do waves increase in height as they approach the shore…? a. the waves are forced into narrow inlets of land b. the water particles speed up as they approach land c. the water’s density decreases because it’s warmer near the shore d. the waves begin to interact with the ocean floor e. The moon’s gravity has more of an effect on waves near the shore. • The swells slow down as the water beneath them gets shallower. As a result, the waves get closer together, much the way a line of cars will get closer together if the car in front starts to slow down. • The leading edge of the swell becomes increasingly vertical as it slows while the trailing edge continues to look like a rounded slope. • The waves get taller as the solid surface under them and the waves' energy pushes the water upwards. Question 65-68 What is the highest point, the lowest point, and the distance between crests? A. Trough, crest, wave height. B. Crest, trough, wave length. C. Trough, crest, wave length. D. Crest, trough, wave height E. Wave height, Wave length, Trough Question 69 The movement of water that parallels the shore within the surf zone is called A. tidal current B. salinity current C. beach drift D. longshore current • • • Longshore drift, sometimes known as longshore current, is the movement of sediments, most often sand, along a coast parallel to its shoreline. Waves approaching the shore break in a region called the surf zone. They carry sediment up the shore in a white, frothy surge called the swash, and down again in the backwash. When the swash approaches the shore at an angle, it will carry and deposit sediment both up and along the beach, but the backwash, acting under gravity, will always carry and deposit its sediment perpendicular to the shoreline. This produces a zig-zag movement of sediment along the beach known as longshore drift. Question 70 Wave impact and pressure cause A. deposition B. tides C. erosion D. refraction • The onshore current or Swash is the water that washes up on shore after an incoming wave has broken. This action will cause sand and other light particles to be transported up the beach. • Where waves are strong, the coast will be eroded and sediment carried away and where they are weak sediment will be deposited. Question 71 A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a…? a. Spit b. Jetty c. sea stack d. groin e. tombolo A spit is a narrow bank of sand that projects into the water from a bend in the coastline. Question 72 Which of the following decreases beach erosion without the construction of protective structures? a. Seawall b. beach nourishment c. Groin d. breakwater e. jetty • One way to repair the damage cause by beach erosion without building protective structures is through Beach Nourishment • Beach Nourishment is when new sand is imported (brought into) either by truck and inland sources or dredged (pumped up from the ocean bottom). Question 73 and 74 Which of the following is designed to prevent or slow shoreline erosion? A. Groin B. beach nourishment C. Seawall D. Breakwater E. All of the above Which of the above structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves? Seawalls are built protect beachfront properties from powerful storm waves by reflecting the energy of such waves back towards the beach. Groins are wall-like structures built into the water perpendicular to the shoreline for the purpose of trapping beach sand. Jetties are walls of concrete built to protect a harbor entrance from drifting sand. Breakwaters are built in the water parallel to straight shorelines to provide anchorages for small boats.