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Weather and Climate Earth’s Atmosphere Decreasing density with increasing altitude Air has weight and applies pressure Composition – variable? Ozone layer 5/22/2017 APHY101 1 Weather and Climate Earth’s Atmosphere Solar energy and Seasons Terrestrial radiation – Infrared (IR) and Clouds Greenhouse effect • Without it, average T ~ -20 °C ~ -4 °F 5/22/2017 APHY101 2 Weather and Climate Earth’s Atmosphere Motion – warm air rises, cool air falls • Convection Wind is caused by a pressure difference which is due to temperature difference • High and low pressure regions in the air above 1 km. • Bigger the difference in pressure, the faster the wind. 5/22/2017 APHY101 3 Weather and Climate Earth’s Atmosphere Large scale air movement • Rises at the equator and moves toward the poles Coriolis Effect • Deflection due to the Earth’s rotation • Greatest at the poles, zero at the equator 5/22/2017 APHY101 4 Weather and Climate Earth’s Oceans Friction from wind pushes the surface waters Cold water sinks near the poles and rises near the equator. Salt water is denser than fresh water • Melting ice sheets and the deep ocean currents 5/22/2017 APHY101 5 Weather and Climate 5/22/2017 APHY101 6 Weather and Climate Weather Relative Humidity = vapor content / vapor capacity Evaporation vs. Condensation Low T → Slow moving water molecules stick together • Cloud formation • Dew, fog, frost and the dew point temperature 5/22/2017 APHY101 7 Weather and Climate 5/22/2017 APHY101 8 Weather and Climate Weather Forecasting – short and long term trends • Computer models Geologic record of climate in ice Space weather – solar flares, coronal mass ejections, magnetic storms 5/22/2017 APHY101 9