Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Ch 6 • http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/scienc e/24bees.html • http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/scienc e/07bees.html • http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/us/29 cnd-highway.html?_r=1 11-3 ATB • Why did your culture cups in the experiment lose mass? • Today: – Go over your tests – Discuss / finish compiling your data – finish graphing • Save your work or post it to the wiki b/c this the last class day for it. – Pre-quiz 11-4 ATB • Name the biome that covers the most area on earth. • Today: – Begin ch 6 – research directions – Graphs and lab questions due Friday Online Book – phschool.com/ access Click science on the left • • Under “Student Resources” click “AP & Electives” • Choose “SS” or “SE” • CLICK THE FOLLOWING -- “Covered Titles” “Science” “Withgott/Brennan, Environment: The Science Behind the Stories 3e AP* Edition” • Student Registration • “NO” you don’t already have an account • http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/access/Pear son_Default/4893/5010916/login.html • APPeriod2 • Hakim12345 11-5 ATB • Figure out the phrase: – N I NNNN I • Today: – Begin the “Eternal Enemies” video – Continue working on your research • Get out the primary 11-5consumer ATB productivity labs…look at question #6 • Cat – 5 kg (5000 g) • Robin - 77 g • Painted Lady - 0.5g • Mallow Leaf – 0.2 g per leaf • Calculate the # of robins, caterpillars & leaves needed to support the 5kg cat. (10% efficiency rate) – Start with how many robins must be consumed to support the biomass of the cat 11-8 ATB • Other than elephants, what is the largest land mammal? • Today: • “Eternal Enemies” Documentary • Work on your research 11-9 ATB • Give an example of interspecific competition from the movie • Today: – Finish the movie – Work on your projects • 5000 g cat / 77 g/robin = 65 robins / cat (but with only 10% efficiency of the energy transfer, you must multiply 65 robins / cat x 10 = 650 robins / cat • 650 robins x 77 g/robin = 50,050 grams of robins • (50,050 g robin / 0.5 g/butterfly) x 10 = 1,001,000 butterflies (to support 1 cat) • 1,001,000 butterflies x 0.5g/butterfly = 500,500 g of butterflies #7 • • • • 1g 10 g 100g 1000g 11-10 ATB • What is siblicide or fratricide? • Today: – Finish your projects – Start presenting them tomorrow 11-11 ATB • Describe the leaders of the lion pride and hyena clan • Today: – Begin presentations 11-12 ATB • Describe cryptic coloration – Today: • Continue with our presentations 11-12 ATB • What is batesian mimicry • Today: – Presentations! 11-16 ATB • What is herbivory? • Today: – Continue presentations 11-17 ATB • Generally describe the rainfall and temperature in the savanna • Today: – Finish presentations? – Test Friday? • What are some ways we could possible control 11-18 ATB invasive species? – – – – – – Best is to prevent their introduction Remove manually Toxic chemicals Drying them out Depriving of oxygen Stressing them • Heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, ultraviolet light • Today – Finish presentations – Work on review sheet – Test…tomorrow? This lecture will help you understand: • Species interactions • Feeding relationships, energy flow, trophic levels, and food webs • Keystone species • The process of succession • Potential impacts of invasive species • Ecological restoration • Terrestrial biomes Case Study: Black and white and spread all over • Small, black and white shellfish • Introduced to Lake St. Clair, Canada, in 1988, in discharged ballast water • Within 2 years, the zebra mussels invaded all 5 Great Lakes • Populations grew exponentially – No natural predators, competitors, or parasites Species interactions • Species interactions are the backbone of communities • Most important categories – Competition = both species are harmed – Predation, parasitism, and herbivory = one species benefits and the other is harmed – Mutualism = both species benefit Competition • Competition = relationship where multiple organisms seek the same limited resources they need to survive: – Food - Water – Space - Shelter – Mates - Sunlight • Intraspecific competition = between members of the same species – High population density = increased competition • Interspecific competition = between members of 2 or more species Results of interspecific competition • Competitive exclusion = one species completely excludes another species from using the resource • Species coexistence = neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side – This produces a stable point of equilibrium, with stable population sizes – Species adjust to minimize competition by using only a part of the available resource Niche: an individual’s ecological role • Fundamental niche = when an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources • Realized niche = the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled – Due to competition or other species’ interactions Resource partitioning • Resource partitioning = – when species divide shared resources by specializing in different ways • Ex: one species is active at night, another in the daytime • Ex: one species eats small seeds, another eats large seeds Effects of resource partitioning • Character displacement = – competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resource they use – Ex: birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills – Ex: birds that eat smaller seeds evolve smaller bills Competition is reduced when two species become more different Predation • Exploitation = one member exploits another for its own gain – Predation, parasitism, herbivory • Predation = process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species (prey) – Structures food webs – Influences community composition through number of predators and prey Effects of zebra mussels • Zebra mussels eat phytoplankton and zooplankton – Both populations decrease in lakes with zebra mussels • They don’t eat cyanobacteria – Population increases in lakes with zebra mussels • Zebra mussels are becoming prey for some North American predators: – Diving ducks, muskrats, crayfish, flounder, Effects of predation on populations • Increased prey populations increases predators – Predators survive and reproduce • Increased predator populations decrease prey • Decreased prey population causes starvation of predators • Decreased predator populations increases prey populations Natural selection • Natural selection leads to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunters • Individuals who are better at catching prey: – Live longer, healthier lives – Take better care of offspring • Predation pressure: prey are at risk of immediate death – Prey develops elaborate defenses against Organisms evolve defenses against being eaten