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Chapter 37 Communities and Ecosystems PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Lectures by Chris Romero Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.0 Community structure - depends on the interactions Ecosystem structure - depends on the interactions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF COMMUNITIES 37.1 Biological community all the populations of organisms Trophic structure feeding relationships Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.2 Competition - when a shared Interspecific competition - two species competing for Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Competitive exclusion principle - two species cannot coexist in a community if Niche - species' total use of - two possible results - one species will be - resource Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.3 Predation - interaction between species in which - adaptations refined through - - Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Batesian mimicry - palatable species mimics Mullerian mimicry - two unpalatable species mimic Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.4 Herbivores - animals that Plants have evolved defenses - physical defenses Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.5 Disturbances - are characteristic of most - ex: - damage - remove - change availability of Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.6 Ecological succession - a transition in community species following - Primary succession: gradual colonization of Secondary succession: occurs after a disturbance has destroyed a community but - ex. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.7 Trophic structure - a pattern of feeding relationships at Food chain - sequence of food transfer - moves chemical Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Producers - Autotroph plants - support Consumers - Primary (herbivores) - Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - eat consumers Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Detritivores - animal scavengers, - derive energy from - recycle nutrients Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.8 Food web - a more realistic view of - food chains - consumers eat more than - each food type is consumed by more than Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.9 Energy supply - limits the length of - only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is - amount of energy available to top-level consumers is - most food chains have only Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CONNECTION 37.10 Why meat is a luxury for humans - humans eating grain - have ten times more energy available than when they process - using land to raise animals - consumes more resources than Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37.11 Water - moves thru biosphere in Solar energy drives the - - Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Threats to freshwater ecosystems - Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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