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B hierarchy keystone sp I trophic Caulerpa taxifolia silene sessile tertiary consumers interaction strength richness beaver N interaction web trophic facilitation defences G O diversity functional group indirect species accumulatio n SGH primary consumers habitat ecosystem engineer physical biodiversity mycorrhizae characters B foundation sp I N G O omnivore guild diversity defences acacias structure tolerance model secondary interaction strength evenness rarefaction trophic cascade primary consumers stress interaction strength rank abundance keystone cheaters soil moisture synergistic biodiversity alternative stable state succession B I rarefaction hysteresis target interaction web cheaters commensali sm SGH hierarchy symbiosis keystone N SGH obligative G O indirect competitive network rank composition abundance diversity natural experiment beaver trophic Caulerpa taxifolia rarefaction functional group nurse plant B indirect structure nurse plant commensali sm rank abundance I ecosystem engineer stress N G O cheaters soil moisture omnivore mutualism Arbuscular biodiversity mycorrhizae obligative tertiary consumers rank abundance acacias penalty interaction web evenness hysteresis Caulerpa taxifolia positive interactions synergistic B positive interactions I interaction web rarefaction richness trophic cascade biodiversity silene interaction strength N G O structure facultative neutral acacias tertiary consumers trophic RNE SGH omnivore physical characters evenness species Arbuscular ecosystem soil moisture accumulatio mycorrhizae engineer n facilitation B I N G O primary consumers competitive network trophic facilitation target neutral succession cheaters composition diversity guild habitat foundation sp indirect soil moisture hierarchy facilitation model ecosystem engineer penalty diversity inhibition model functional group sessile rank alternative abundance stable state