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Pesticides in the Environment SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION • Point-source pollution - comes from a specific, identifiable place – Clean-up, storage, disposal – Most common source of pollution SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION • Non-point-source pollution - comes from a wide area SENSITIVE AREAS Outdoors • Ground or surface water • High traffic areas – Playgrounds • Animal and insect habitats – Honeybees • Crops and gardens SENSITIVE AREAS Indoor • Sensitive people – Elderly, pregnant, children • Domestic animals – Pets • Food storage - kitchen SENSITIVE AREAS • Buffer zone: an untreated area around border of sensitive area PESTICIDE MOVEMENT Air drift: movement away from target site via air • Droplets – Dusts and spray • high pressure nozzles create small droplets • Vapors – fumigants PESTICIDE MOVEMENT Water • Runoff – Streams and ponds • Leaching – Percolating through soil into groundwater PESTICIDE MOVEMENT On or in Objects, Plants, or Animals • Stick to clothes, animals, shoes • Residues on crops and fruit HARMFUL EFFECTS ON NONTARGET Direct contact with non-target • Drifting to non-target • Runoff to aquatic HARMFUL EFFECTS ON NONTARGET Residue, causing later injuries • Residue is the chemical that remains • Pesticides turn into harmless by-products over time HARMFUL EFFECTS ON NONTARGET Residue, causing later injuries • Persistent pesticides – Stay in environment long time • ADV: fewer re-applications • DISADV: later affect sensitive plants and animals – Biomagnification and accumulation, DDT HARMFUL EFFECTS ON NONTARGET Surfaces • Pesticides can discolor or corrode surfaces Special Environmental Concerns • Ground water – Especially • Groundwater close to the surface • Soil is sandy • Endangered species PROTECTING GROUND WATER • Water in rock and soil – Located in soil pore space – Underground streams flow through limestone -Aquifer: provide well water SOURCES OF GROUND WATER • Rain, lakes and streams • Water moves through the soil until saturated zone: water table Factors that affect pesticide movement Pesticide user • Mixing, storage, and disposal Factors that affect pesticide movement Water on treated surface • Weather and irrigation practices Factors that affect pesticide movement Pesticide factors • Solubility - readily dissolved in water • Adsorption - attachment to soil particles – High adsorption lowers pesticide mobility • Persistence - time to break down into byproducts Factors that affect pesticide movement Soil factors • Texture - proportions of sand, silt, and clay – Clay moves water and pesticides slower – Sand moves faster • Permeability - water move through soil • Organic matter - pesticides will absorb to OM Factors that affect pesticide movement Geology • Distance from the soil surface to the water table – Spring and fall water table nearest – Summer: high evapotranspiration rates, less rain • Permeability of layers – Gravel and limestone highly permeable – Clay can be totally impermeable PROTECTION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES • Plant or animal in danger of becoming extinct • Endangered Species Act - Federal law • EPA ensures that endangered species are protected from pesticides • SC Endangered Species List Importance of Protecting Endangered Species Maintain biological diversity • Agriculture - large gene pool allows development of resistant varieties • Medicine - natural chemical compounds – Penicillin • Interdependence - complex relationship cannot be predicted – Predator/prey relationship South Carolina Endangered Species • Most important reason, loss of habitat • Birds most difficult to protect due to migratory behavior and large areas of habitat Endangered Plants and Animals • Red-cockaded woodpecker • Wood Stork