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Texas Natural Regions Extinction Rates Background (natural) rate of extinction Geological Periods Adaptive radiations Number of families of marine animals Mass extinction Carboniferous Cretaceous Devonian Jurassic Silurian Triassic Tertiary Ordovician Permian Quaternary Cambrian 800 Mass extinctions 600 ? 400 200 0 570 505 438 360 408 286 208 144 245 Millions of years ago 65 0 2 Sustaining Wild Species Brian Kaestner and Dr. Richard Clements Saint Mary’s Hall and Chattanooga State Technical Community College Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? Value of Nature Instrumental value Intrinsic value Instrumental Intrinsic (human centered) (species or ecosystem centered) Utilitarian Nonutilitarian Goods Existence Ecological services Aesthetic Information Bequest Option Recreation Arctic Circle 60° EUROPE NORTH AMERICA 30°N Tropic Of Cancer Pacific Ocean 0° 150° 120° 90° Tropic Of Capricorn ASIA Atlantic Ocean AFRICA 30°W SOUTH AMERICA 0° Pacific Ocean 60°E 90° 150° Indian AUSTRALIA Ocean 30°S Antarctic Circle 60° ANTARCTICA Critical and endangered Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018 Threatened Stable or intact Human Impacts on Biodiversity Water use and pollution and soil nutrient loss Food supply and demand Changes in water water supply supply and and temperature temperature Freshwater supply and demand Water availability Deforestation Changes in precipitation and temperature CO2, CH4, N2O emissions Erosion, pollution, and changes in water flow Habitat change and fragmentation of habitat Climate change Forest product supply and demand CO2 emission Changes in transpiration and albedo Habitat change Loss of crop genetic diversity Loss and fragmentation of habitat Biodiversity loss Loss and fragmentation of habitat Reduced resistance to change Decreasing Biodiversity Large environmental disturbance Introduction of alien species Geographic isolation Biome % of Area Disturbed Temperate broadleaf forests 94% Temperate evergreen forests 94% Temperate grasslands 72% Mixed mountain systems 71% Tropical dry forests 70% Subtropical and temperate rain forests 67% Cold deserts and semidesert 55% Mixed island systems 53% Warm deserts and semideserts 44% Tropical humid forests 37% Tropical grasslands 26% Temperate Boreal forests Tundra 18% 0.7% Increasing Biodiversity Physically diverse habitat Moderate environmental disturbance US Diversity 1% Probably extinct 7% Critically imperiled 67% Secure or apparently secure 8% Imperiled 16% Vulnerable 1% Other U.S. Endangered Species #s Texas Blind Salamander Species Extinction Local extinction Ecological extinction Biological extinction Endangered and Threatened Species Endangered species Threatened (vulnerable) species Rare species Florida manatee Northern spotted Gray wolf owl (threatened) Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Badger Anemone Karner Blue Hawaian Sea Turtle Ceratozamia Whooping Crane Whooping Crane Flyway Pitcher Plant U.S. Endangered Species Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Rare Many island species, African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) Indian Tiger Range in 1700 Range today (about 2,400 left) Black Rhino Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species Habitat degradation Introduction of non-native species Habitat loss Habitat degradation Overfishing Climate change • • • • Basic Causes Population growth Rising resource use No environmental accounting Poverty Introducing nonnative species Commercial hunting and poaching Pollution Predator and pest control Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Type of Nonnative Organism Crop disease Annual Losses and damages $23.5 billion Crop weeds $23.5 billion Rats $19 billion Feral cats and outdoor pet cats $17 billion Crop insects Livestock diseases Forest insects and diseases $14 billion $9 billion $4.8 billion Zebra mussels $3 billion Common pigeon $1.1 billion Formosan termite $1.1 billion Fishes $1.1 billion Asian clam $1.1 billion Feral pigs $0.8 billion Starlings $0.8 billion Fire ant $0.6 billion Kudzu Use Chestnut Blight Fungi Zebra Mussle Zebra Mussle map Expansion of the fire ant in southern states. 1918 2000 Characteristics of Successful Invader Species Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species • High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) • Similar climate to habitat of invader • Pioneer species • Absence of predators on invading species • Long lived • High dispersal rate • Release growthinhibiting chemicals into soil • Generalists • High genetic variability • Early successional species • Low diversity of native species • Absence of fire • Disturbed by human activities 2 4 3 5 Top Six Hot Spots 6 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Concentration of rare species 1 Low Moderate High Wildlife Management Laws regulating hunting and fishing Harvest quotas Population management plants Improving habitat Treaties and laws for migrating species Solutions: Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction Bioinformatics International Treaties: CITES National Laws: Lacey Act Endangered Species Act Habitat conservation plans Wildlife refuges and protected areas Zoos, botanical gardens, and gene banks The Species Approach Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity Species approach Ecosystem approach Goal The Ecosystem Approach Goal Protect species from premature extinction Protect populations of species in their natural habitats Strategies Strategy • Identify endangered species • Protect their critical habitats Tactics • Legally protect endangered species • Manage habitat • Propagate endangered species in captivity • Reintroduce species into suitable habitats Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems Tactics • Protect habitat areas through private purchase or government action • Eliminate or reduce populations of alien species from protected areas • Manage protected areas to sustain native species • Restore degraded ecosystems