Download Endangered Species - Eagle Mountain

Texas Natural Regions
Extinction Rates
Background (natural) rate of extinction
Geological Periods
Adaptive
radiations
Number of families
of marine animals
Mass
extinction
Carboniferous
Cretaceous
Devonian
Jurassic
Silurian
Triassic
Tertiary
Ordovician
Permian
Quaternary
Cambrian
800
Mass extinctions
600
?
400
200
0
570
505
438
360
408
286
208 144
245
Millions of years ago
65
0
2
Sustaining Wild Species
Brian Kaestner and Dr. Richard Clements
Saint Mary’s Hall and Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Why Should We Care About
Biodiversity?
Value of Nature
Instrumental value
Intrinsic value
Instrumental
Intrinsic
(human centered)
(species or
ecosystem
centered)
Utilitarian
Nonutilitarian
Goods
Existence
Ecological services
Aesthetic
Information
Bequest
Option
Recreation
Arctic Circle
60°
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
30°N
Tropic Of Cancer
Pacific
Ocean
0°
150°
120°
90°
Tropic Of Capricorn
ASIA
Atlantic
Ocean
AFRICA
30°W
SOUTH
AMERICA
0°
Pacific
Ocean
60°E
90°
150°
Indian
AUSTRALIA
Ocean
30°S
Antarctic Circle
60°
ANTARCTICA
Critical and endangered
Projected Status of Biodiversity
1998–2018
Threatened
Stable or intact
Human Impacts on Biodiversity
Water use and pollution
and soil nutrient loss
Food supply
and demand
Changes in
water
water supply
supply and
and
temperature
temperature
Freshwater
supply and
demand
Water availability
Deforestation
Changes in
precipitation
and temperature
CO2, CH4,
N2O emissions
Erosion,
pollution, and
changes in
water flow
Habitat change
and fragmentation
of habitat
Climate change
Forest product
supply and
demand
CO2 emission
Changes in
transpiration
and albedo
Habitat
change
Loss
of crop
genetic
diversity
Loss and
fragmentation
of habitat
Biodiversity loss
Loss and
fragmentation
of habitat
Reduced
resistance
to change
Decreasing Biodiversity
Large environmental disturbance
Introduction of alien species
Geographic isolation
Biome
% of Area Disturbed
Temperate broadleaf forests
94%
Temperate evergreen forests
94%
Temperate grasslands
72%
Mixed mountain systems
71%
Tropical dry forests
70%
Subtropical and temperate
rain forests
67%
Cold deserts and semidesert
55%
Mixed island systems
53%
Warm deserts and
semideserts
44%
Tropical humid forests
37%
Tropical grasslands
26%
Temperate Boreal forests
Tundra
18%
0.7%
Increasing Biodiversity
Physically diverse habitat
Moderate environmental disturbance
US Diversity
1%
Probably extinct
7%
Critically
imperiled
67%
Secure or
apparently
secure
8%
Imperiled
16%
Vulnerable
1% Other
U.S. Endangered Species #s
Texas Blind Salamander
Species Extinction
Local extinction
Ecological extinction
Biological extinction
Endangered and Threatened Species
Endangered species
Threatened (vulnerable) species
Rare species
Florida
manatee
Northern spotted Gray wolf
owl (threatened)
Florida panther Bannerman's
turaco (Africa)
Badger
Anemone
Karner Blue
Hawaian Sea Turtle
Ceratozamia
Whooping Crane
Whooping Crane Flyway
Pitcher Plant
U.S. Endangered Species
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate
(K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda,
rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda,
Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species,
elephant seal, desert pupfish
Feeds at high trophic
level
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,
grizzly bear
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane,
sea turtles
Rare
Many island species,
African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly
bear, Florida panther
Range 100 years ago
Range today
(about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
Range in 1700
Range today
(about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
Causes of Premature Extinction of
Wild Species
Habitat
degradation
Introduction
of non-native
species
Habitat
loss
Habitat
degradation
Overfishing
Climate
change
•
•
•
•
Basic Causes
Population growth
Rising resource
use
No environmental
accounting
Poverty
Introducing
nonnative
species
Commercial
hunting
and
poaching
Pollution
Predator
and
pest control
Sale of
exotic pets
and
decorative
plants
Type of Nonnative Organism
Crop disease
Annual Losses and damages
$23.5 billion
Crop weeds
$23.5 billion
Rats
$19 billion
Feral cats and outdoor pet cats
$17 billion
Crop insects
Livestock diseases
Forest insects and diseases
$14 billion
$9 billion
$4.8 billion
Zebra mussels
$3 billion
Common pigeon
$1.1 billion
Formosan termite
$1.1 billion
Fishes
$1.1 billion
Asian clam
$1.1 billion
Feral pigs
$0.8 billion
Starlings
$0.8 billion
Fire ant
$0.6 billion
Kudzu Use
Chestnut Blight Fungi
Zebra Mussle
Zebra Mussle map
Expansion of the fire
ant in southern states.
1918
2000
Characteristics of
Successful
Invader Species
Characteristics of
Ecosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• High reproductive rate,
short generation time
(r-selected species)
• Similar climate to habitat
of invader
• Pioneer species
• Absence of predators on
invading species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growthinhibiting chemicals
into soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
• Early successional
species
• Low diversity of native
species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human
activities
2
4
3
5
Top Six Hot Spots
6
1 Hawaii
2 San Francisco Bay area
3 Southern Appalachians
4 Death Valley
5 Southern California
6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
1
Low
Moderate
High
Wildlife Management
Laws regulating hunting and fishing
Harvest quotas
Population management plants
Improving habitat
Treaties and laws for migrating species
Solutions: Protecting Wild Species
from Depletion and Extinction
 Bioinformatics
 International Treaties: CITES
 National Laws: Lacey Act
Endangered Species Act
 Habitat conservation plans
 Wildlife refuges and protected areas
 Zoos, botanical gardens, and gene banks
The Species Approach
Strategies for
Protecting
Biodiversity
Species approach
Ecosystem
approach
Goal
The Ecosystem Approach
Goal
Protect species from
premature extinction
Protect populations of
species in their natural
habitats
Strategies
Strategy
• Identify endangered
species
• Protect their critical
habitats
Tactics
• Legally protect
endangered species
• Manage habitat
• Propagate endangered
species in captivity
• Reintroduce species
into suitable habitats
Preserve sufficient areas
of habitats in different
biomes and aquatic
systems
Tactics
• Protect habitat areas
through private purchase
or government action
• Eliminate or reduce
populations of alien
species from protected
areas
• Manage protected areas
to sustain native species
• Restore degraded
ecosystems