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ECOSYSTEMS
IT’S ALL CONNECTED!!
I. DARWIN ‘S THEORY
OF NATURAL
SELECTION
• What’s a Theory anyway?
MAIN POINTS:
A.
ORGANISMS CAN
PRODUCE MORE
OFFSPRING THAN
WILL SURVIVE.
B. THERE IS VARIATION
WITHIN EACH
SPECIES.
SOME VARIATIONS MAY
HAVE AN ADVANTAGE.
• C. ORGANISMS WILL
COMPETE WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT.
• THOSE WITH
ADVANTAGEOUS
VARIATIONS MAY
SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.
• D. GRADUALLY, OVER
TIME, THESE ORGANISMS
WILL PASS THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS TO
THEIR OFFSPRING.
• E. IN THE END,
DIFFERENT SPECIES
CAN SURVIVE
DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTS.
• *SPECIES - GROUP OF
ORGANISMS THAT CAN
REPRODUCE OFFSPRING
THAT ARE ALSO ABLE TO
REPRODUCE.
• HINT: HORSES & DONKIES
ARE NOT THE SAME
SPECIES!!
• NATURE “SELECTS”
THAT WHICH WILL
SURVIVE.
• THE “ADVANTAGEOUS
VARIATION/ TRAIT”
IS PASSED ON TO
FUTURE
GENERATIONS.
II. THE PATTERNS OF
EVOLUTION
• EVOLUTION SEEN IN
DIFFERENT, YET
RELATED SPECIES.
• A. COEVOLUTION – TWO
DIFFERENT SPECIES
DRIVE EVOLUTION.
– EX. PREDATION – BATS &
MOTHS
– FLOWERS & POLLINATERS
•BOTH BENEFIT
B. DIVERGENT
EVOLUTION
• RELATED SPECIES BECOME
LESS ALIKE.
• BASED ON LIVING IN
DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTS
• EX. RED FOX (FORESTS) AND
KIT FOX (DESERTS)
C. CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
• UNRELATED SPECIES
APPEAR MORE ALIKE.
• BASED ON LIVING IN
SIMILAR
ENVIRONMENTS.
• EX. DOLPHINS & SHARKS
III. NATURAL SELECTION
• BASED ON THE
VARIATION WITHIN A
SPECIES
A. STABILIZING
SELECTION
• AVERAGE FORM OF A
TRAIT IS BEST
• EX. ??
B. DIRECTIONAL
SELECTION
• ONE EXTREME FORM IS
BEST
• EX. ANTIBIOTICS,
Ex. PEPPERED MOTHS
C. DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
• BOTH EXTREME FORMS
ARE BEST
• EX. SHELL COLOR
D. SEXUAL SELECTION
• CHOICE OF A MATE IS
BASED ON THE
PRESENCE/
ABSENCE OF A
CERTAIN TRAIT.
• EX.??
E. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
• HUMAN’S CHOOSE
SPECIFIC
CHARACTERISTICS.
• EX. SEEDLESS FRUITS,
VEGGIES, PETS
LIGER
IV. SPECIATION
• THE FORMATION OF A
NEW SPECIES THROUGH
THE PROCESS OF
EVOLUTION.
HUMANZEE “?s”
• DESCRIBE:
• 3 WAYS OLIVER SEEMS HUMAN
• 3 WAYS OLIVER SEEMS
APE”ISH”
• I WAS SURPRISED TO SEE….
• THIS MAKES ME THINK….
V. DIVERSITY
OF LIVING THINGS
• The six major groups are called
KINGDOMS.
• They are:
–Archaebacteria
–Eubacteria
–Protists
-Fungi
–Plants
-Animals
A. Archaebacteria
• Ex. “methanogens” &
thermophiles
• unicellular
• no nuclei
• live in harsh environments
B. Eubacteria
• Ex. Proteobacteria &
cyanobacteria
• unicellular
• no nuclei
• very common
C. Protists
• Ex. amoeba, paramecia
• Unicellular or multicellular
• most are aquatic
The Protists
D. Fungi
• Ex. Mushrooms, molds,
mildew, yeasts, rusts
• absorb food through cells
• have cells walls
• have nuclei
E. Plants
• Ex. Ferns, mosses, trees,
flowers
• multicellular
• photosynthesis
• have cells walls
F. Animals
• Ex. reptiles, amphibians,
birds, jellyfish, worms,
insects, parasites...
• multicellular
• no cell walls
• ingest food
• terrestrial and aquatic
VI. Types of Plants
• A. Nonvascular
– Ex. Mosses
– do not have tissue to carry
food and water
Types, con’t
• B. Vascular - do have tissue to
carry water and food.
• Ex. Ferns, trees, flowers
Types Vascular Plants
• i. Gymnosperms - “Naked
seeds
– Ex. Pine trees (also known as
conifers)
– Seeds are not protected in
fruit
– Pollen is produced
• ii. Angiosperms - “covered
sperms)
– Ex. Flowering plants,
grasses, fruit trees,
vegetables…
– Seeds are inside protective
body
– Pollen is also produced
VII. TYPES OF ANIMALS
• A. Invertebrates
– do not have backbones
• B. Vertebrates - do have
backbones
– May be made of cartilage
•Ex. Shark
– May be made of bone
•Fish, reptiles, amphibians,
birds, mammals