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Animals of the Poles Presented by Kate Devlin Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba; Actual Size: 58 mm long (Photo by Uwe Kils) http://www.ecoscope.com/krill/index.htm Arctic Tern, Sterna paradisaea Photo: Alastair Rae Arctic Tern and the midnight sun….Greenland Photo: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse Arctic Tern Breeding Range in Red, Non-Breeding locations in blue, Migration routes in green Notice anything curious about this map? Map by A.Trepte Long distance trip between ~late-July and October by an Arctic Tern banded as chick Direct flight = ~6165 miles Map by A.Trepte 50 data loggers in 2007, to be recaptured in 2008 Photos: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse New Brunswick Collaborative Project Maine Nova Scotia Gulf of Maine 100 km www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines Devlin Machias Seal Island Petit Manan Island USFWS Seal Island USFWS © 2001 P. W. Hirtle Matinicus Rock Nesting Pairs of Terns between southern Maine and Grand Manan 10000 Number of Nesting Pairs of Terns 9000 Arctic Tern Common Tern Roseate Tern 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Nesting Pairs of Terns between southern Maine and Grand Manan 10000 Arctic Tern Common Tern Arctic Terns on 4 Islands Number of Nesting Pairs of Terns 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Year 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Diamond Field work – small islands, many hours in bird blinds spent watching what happens – eggs hatching, chicks growing, adults bringing in food, etc. Allard Photos: Carsten Egevang, Iain Stenhouse, Karel Allard, Antony Diamond Puffins and Terns Cranford USFWS Cranford USFWS USFWS Photos: USFWS and Paul Cranford Devlin “Relative” tameness of study species….yes, it did fly away… Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus www.free-picture-graphic.org.uk For Text interview: http://thirdcoastfestival.org/behind_scenes_bryant.asp For Audio: http://audio.wbez.org/thirdcoast/player/3player_new.asp?fileId=prey Seabird Research A color-marked and banded Sabine’s Gull, Larus sabini Photo: Carsten Egevang, and Iain Stenhouse Photo by Alastair Rae Sabine’s Gull: trapping, calling and one day old chick Photos: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse Sunlight over drifting Canadian ice floes Photo by Paul Nicklen Polar Bear on ice… http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html http://www.huntingsociety.org/PolarBearpics.html http://www.arcticartsales.com/polarbear_skull.html http://www.arcticartsales.com/polarbear_skull.html http://www.arcticartsales.com/polarbear_skull.html Photo: Alastair Rae Photo by: Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps http://www.getfreephotos.com Foraging caribou herd Photograph by Joel Sartore Caribou herd on Arctic tundra Photograph by Norbert Rosing http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html http://www.getfreephotos.com http://www.getfreephotos.com http://www.getfreephotos.com http://www.getfreephotos.com Photos: Carsten Egevang, and Iain Stenhouse http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/lessonsfor-your-classroom/polar-bears-and-ecotourism/ http://www.huntingsociety.org/PolarBearpics.html Polar bear crossing pack ice Photo by Ralph Lee Hopkins http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html Allard Jamieson Allard Satellite Tracking of Eider Ducks is a joint venture by researchers in Greenland and Canada Nuuk East Bay Nanortalik http://eastbay_eiders.trackit.cubitech.dk/main Dovekie, Alle alle Photo: Alastair Rae “A number of bird species, including several globally endangered seabird species, are projected to lose more than 50% of their breeding area during this century.” “Many species from around the world depend on summer breeding and feeding grounds in the Arctic, and climate change will alter some of these habitats significantly.” Source: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) 2004 Photo: Alastair Rae http://www.atanarjuat.com/media/press.php Photo by: Giuseppe Zibordi Credit: Michael Van Woert, NOAA NESDIS, ORA http://sciencebulletins.amnh.org/?sid=b.s.antarctica_life.20071210&src=e Food Webs and Species Interactions • Community Webs – A food web summarizes the feeding relations in a community. – Complexity and Structure • Keystone Species – The feeding activities of a few keystone species may control the structure of communities – Effects on Diversity Winemiller 1990 in Molles 2007; Fig 17.3 Winemiller 1990 in Molles 2007; Fig 17.3 Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure Robert Paine (1966, 1969) – Suggested criterion for strong interaction is degree of influence on community structure. – Not based on quantity of energy flow, but on degree of influence Paine suggested feeding activities of a few species may have a dominant influence on community structure. – He predicted that some predators may increase diversity • Keep prey populations below carrying capacity – Number of individuals that environment can sustain long term • Reduces potential for competitive exclusion between prey species – Depends upon niche overlap; lower pop. size means less intense overlap • Reduced competitive exclusion means more species can coexist Keystone Species From Molles 2007, Fig. 17.6 Pisaster ochraceus PREDATORS Nucella lamellosa or Thais lamellosa Mytilus californianus Balanus glandula PREY SPECIES Lepidochiton flectens Patella vulgata Keystone Species From Molles 2007, Fig. 17.6 © Paul Foretic http://baja.divebums.com/FieldID/Pages/sun_star_gulf.html Food Web Structure and Species Diversity • Paine found as number of species in intertidal food webs increased, proportion of the web represented by predators also increased. – According to his hypothesis, higher proportion of predators produces higher predation pressure on prey populations, in turn promoting higher diversity. • Removal of starfish (top predator) caused decline in diversity from 15 to 8 species • After 3 months – Barnacle (Balanus glandula) took over 60-80 % of space • After 1 year, 2 species dominate – this lasted for 5 years – Mussels and goose-neck barnacles – Other species – no attachment points • Space was a limiting resource • Pisaster = keystone species Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity • Jane Lubchenko (1978) proposed to resolve the effect herbivores have on plant diversity, – Herbivore food preference. – Competitive relationships between plant species in the local community. – Variance in feeding preferences and competitive relationships across environments. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity • Lubchenko studied influence of intertidal snail (Littorina littorea) on structure of an algal community. – Snails fed on green (Enteromorpha spp.) and red (Chondrus crispus) algae. • Under normal conditions, Enteromorpha outcompetes Chondrus in tide pools, and Littornia prefers Enteromorpha. – In the absence of snails, Chondrus is competitively displaced. Enteromorpha spp. Littorina littorea Chondrus crispus Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity Molles 2007, Fig. 17.8 Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity • When snails are present in high densities, Littorina grazes down Enteromorpha, releasing Chondrus from competition. – Green crabs (Carcinus maenus) prey on young snails, preventing juveniles from colonizing tide pools. – Populations of Carcinus are controlled by seagulls. J. Anderson Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity – Low snail density - Enteromorpha dominates tide pool. – Medium snail density - Competitive exclusion eliminated, and algal diversity increased. – High snail density - Feeding requirements are high enough that snails eat preferred algae and lesspreferred algae. • Algal diversity decreased. Keystone Species: Summation • Mary Power (1996) : Keystone species exert strong effects on their community structure, despite low biomass. In Molles 2007; Fig 17.14 Molles, 2007: Fig. 17.2 Websites for animal information: Penguins: http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/postcards/penguin_post.html Polar Bears: http://www.amnh.org/sciencebulletins/?sid=b.s.polar_bears.20070108&src=/eart h/polar/b http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/special/polar_bears Caribou Walrus Seals – Ringed Seals, Fur Seals http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/arctic_marine_life.html Adaptations…hands on lab exercises….. Bergman's rule In zoology, Bergmann's Rule is a principle that correlates environmental temperature with body mass in warm-blooded animals. It asserts that within a species, the body mass increases with latitude and colder climate. Allen's rule is a biological ‘rule’ proposed by J. A. Allen in 1877. It states that endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.