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ANIMAL KINGDOM II Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms – flat, elongated, bilateral symmetry Acoelomate – no body cavity, soft bodied 20,000 species, some parasitic Simple nervous and digestive system Class Turbellaria Examples: Planaria eyespots detect light food and waste go in and out the same opening Class Trematoda - Flukes Infect 200 million that live in tropical areas Schistosoma – human blood flukes – have intermediate aquatic snail host Class Cestoda - Tapeworms Tapeworms – 5000 species Parasites – live in every type vertebrates Long, flat, ribbon-like bodies Scolex - head with suckers and hooks Proglottids – many tapeworms have 2000 + some tapes can be up to 100 feet long Each proglottid has male and female reproductive structures Digested food from host absorbed by tape Scolex Tapeworm Proglottids Beef Tapeworm life cycle Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Roundworms 20,000 species Soil, fresh water and marine, in the body of host Round, tubular body small or microscopic bilateral symmetry have both a mouth and anus Nematoda Trichina worms - uncooked meat- found in many animals Common intestinal parasite Hookworm – hook onto lining of intestines and suck blood, cause anemia Pinworms Trichinella Hookworm Phylum Molluska Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopus, squids – 50,000 species Most marine Soft bodied – have foot with viseral mass above foot Mantle covers visceral mass and secretes shell and forms mantle cavity that contain gills Radula – beltlike teeth in mouth, not found in clams Class Gastropoda Snails, slugs, nudibranch Head-foot, and radula Some separate sexes, some hermaphrodites Torsion – a unique twisting of the visceral mass – allows head to be withdrawn first Gastropods Gastropods Class Bivalvia Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops Enclosed in 2 part shell Shell connected by elastic ligament and adductor muscle Mother of pearl inner part of shell used for jewelry - secretion of calcium carbonate makes pearls Oysters are filter feeders Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda – Octopus, Squid Mouth surrounded by tentacles – octopus has eight, squid has 10, nautilus up to 90 Tentacles have suckers for seizing prey active predators Mouth has beak for biting, tearing prey Ejects water through siphon for propulsion Ink sac secretes ink for defense Squid Octopus Phylum Annelida Earthworm Polycheate Leech Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Polychaetes, earthworms & leeches ganglia like brain – ventral nerve cord Closed circulatory system Complete digestive tract Respiration through skin or gills Some burrow in dirt Class Polychaeta – Marine Worms Swim freely – parapodia 2 per segment Have bristles on segments No well developed head Burrow in mud and form tubes Gametes free swimming, released into water and form zygote Class Hirudinea - Leaches Most are blood suckers Fresh water – no setae or parapodia Posterior and anterior suckers Blood stored in digestive tract Can suck out own weight in 30 minutes Hirudin an anticoagulant that the leech secretes prevents clotting at wound site Sometimes used after surgery to prevent swelling “Old Days” used these animals to draw blood from bites and stings, draw “bad blood” Leeches Class Oligochaeta Earthworms – 3000 species Live in fresh water and moist terrestrial habitats Bristles on segments, no developed head Hermaphroditic Common earthworm 8 inches long over 100 segments Body has circular and longitudinal muscles Eat through soil Pharynx – Esophagus – Crop (stores food) – Gizzard (food ground up) – Intestines (digested and absorbed) – Anus (waste eliminated Closed circulatory system Paired cerebral ganglia Earthworm Clitellum - site where two worms press together – a sticky cocoon passed over worm – sperm and egg deposited – fertilization occurs - tiny worms formed in capsule Class Bryozoa – Moss animals Sessile 5000 species Phylum Rotifera Small – size of protozoa 2000 species Crown of cilia - appearance of spinning wheel when eating – filter feeders Phylum Echinodermata Hard, spiny skin Live in salt water Radial symmetry name means ‘spiney skinned’ endoskeleton Class Crinoidea feather stars, sea lilies Few species feather stars motile, sea lilies sessile Filter feeders Feather star Sea lilie Class Asteroidea Sea Stars 5 – 20 arms underside contains tube feet Carnivores can separate bivalves – stomach slips in and dissolves soft part – absorbed Circulatory and nervous system Sea Star Anatomy Class Ophiuroidea Brittle and Basket stars Largest group – long slender arms that can move Class Holothuroidea Sea Cucumbers Sluggish bottom dwellers Can eviscerate when attacked and secrete sticky substance against attacker Phylum Arthropoda Most successful animal phyla One million species – 80% of all animals Most diverse – live in greater habitat range Segmented body, hard chitin exoskeleton Shed (molt) exoskeleton, grow larger one Paired jointed appendages Open circulatory system Brain, ventral nerve cord Divided into 3 subphyla Subphylum Myriapoda – centipeds and millipeds Class Chilopoda – centipedes Terrestrial – most are carnivors One pair legs per segment Poision claws behind head capture, kill prey Centipede Class Diplopoda – Millipedes Most are hebivorous, crawl slowly Two pair legs on body segments Single pair antenna Millipede Subphylum Chilicerata Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs Ancient group of species Changed little over 350 million years Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf coasts of United States. Class Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy long legs 2 body segments 6 pair jointed appendages – 4 legs Eight pair eyes in rows of four Tracheal tubes, book lungs Silk glands in abdomen – secret silk from spinnerets to build nest and trap food Black widow neurotoxin Brown recluse – destroy tissue Ticks parasitic on dogs, deer – transmit diseases Rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease Brown Recluse Brown Recluse Bite Black Widow Subphylum Crustacea, Lobster, Crab, Shrimp, Barnacles 3 pair appendages Compound eyes Biting mandibles, grind food Gills for respiration Separate sexes Barnacles only sessile group Marine copepods largest group of plankton Subphylum Crustacea Subphylum Hexapoda - Insects Class Insecta – Most successful of all animals Antennae Head – thorax – abdomen – 3 parts 3 pair legs from thorax Some have 1 or 2 pair of wings Complex mouth parts – mandible, maxilla, bite, pierce, chew, suck Spiracle – tracheal tubes – internal organs Malpighian tubules excrete waste from blood Separate sexes, internal fertilization Insects Phylum Chordata Tunicates, Lancets and Vertebrates Bilateral symmetry, endoskelekton - closed circulation Notochord – firm flexible rod supports body Subphylum Urochordata Invertebrate chordates – tunicates and lancets and sea squirts Larvae swim, attach to bottom, grow as sessile animal Larvae has pharyngeal slits Tunic – provide covering for incurrent and excurrent siphons Tunicates Lancet Subphylum Vertebrata Our closest relatives – 48000 species Have vertebral column – enclosed spinal cord Cranium and vertebral column part of endoskeleton Pronounced cephalization, 10 – 12 cranial nerves Sense organs - sight, smell, hearing, touch taste Two pair appendages Closed circulatory system- hemoglobin in blood Digestive system Endocrine system Separate sexes Excretory system – paired kidneys Class Cephalaspidomorphi Lampreys, hagfish – freshwater fish Cartilaginous skeletons Eel shaped – 3 feet long no scales Hagfish burrow for worms Lampreys jawless, live in ocean, reproduce in fresh water Some parasitic Sucking disc around mouth attach to fish and suck blood Lampreys - Hagfish Class Chondrichthyes Sharks, Rays, Skates, Chimera Most Marine, whales largest vertebrates Rays, skates are flat, slow, burrow in sand feed on mussels, clams Barb in tail of rays, large pectoral fins Electric ray stores charge in muscle tissue Paired jaws Sharks produce new teeth located in rows behind new teeth Sharks have no air bladder Streamlined body for predation Largest sharks are plankton eaters 30 species known to attack man Chondrichthyes Have brain and spinal cords Lateral line (in all fish) can detect motion No lungs - seven pair of gills for gas exchange Complete digestive tract Separate sexes – males have clasper that transfer sperm to female cloaca Oviparious – lay eggs – skates, rays, and some sharks Ovoviviparious – eggs incubated and hatched within mother – many sharks Viviparious – embryo developed within uterus – few sharks Shark Anatomy Class Actinopterygii Bony skeletons many vertebra paired fins Operculum covers gills Oviparious lay and externally fertilize eggs Modified lung – swim bladder 1 cm – 4 m Mola Mola (sunfish) largest Class Amphibia First successful land vertebrates Undergo metamorphosis Camouflage coloration 3 chambered heart Order urodela – Salamanders, Mudpuppies, newts Order anura – frogs, toads some poisionous tadpoles have gills - lose tale and gills Order Apoda - caecillians Class Reptilia Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles Order Crocodilia - alligators, crocodiles Crocs largest Most live in swamps, some over 23 feet long Carnivours, ectothermic Order Squamata Snakes, lizards – ectothermic Most common reptile Scales overlap Small lizard to komono dragon of indonesia – up to 100 pounds Jointed jaw, poor sight High sense of smell on tongue Pit viper pumps toxin into prey – hemotoxin Coral snake is a neurotoxin – nerve interference Rattlesnake, copperhead, cottonmouth & coral King snake, rat snake, pythons are constrictors, smother Snakes Order Testudines Turtles – protective shell Small to large 6’ 1000 lbs Land – tortoises - Marine –terapins Loggerheads, Leatherbacks, Kemps Ridley Class Aves – Birds 9000 species Lay eggs, reptile like scales on legs Hummingbirds to ostrich (6 feet, 300 lbs) Feather protect, bones hollow and light Penguins don’t fly Different beaks for different environments Nervous system Digestive system Very vocal and alert Different feeding and reproductive habits Males usually more colorful Class Mammalia Hair, mammary glands, 3 middle earbones Lungs, diaphragm move air in and out Endothermic metabolism produces heat 4 chambered heart Complex nervous system Internal fertilization Viviparous develop placenta Inhabit all environments Subclass Holotheria – Monotremes duck billed platypus, spiny ant eater Lay eggs in pouch or warm nest – nipples absent, young lap up milk secreted by mother Duck Billed Platypus Spiny Anteater Subclass Metatheria – Marsupials – pouched animals Embryos still undevelopjed will be born and climb to mothers piuch – development occurs here Mother has nippples to feed young Kangaroo, opossum marsupials Subclass Eutheria – placental animals Placenta allows developing fetus to remain in mothers body until fully developed Fetus more mature at birth