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Transcript
Population Ecology 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION: 1) Density- individuals per unit area “natural population” 2) Growth Rate- change in the number of individuals of any species 3) Geographic distribution- area inhabited by a population 3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION: # Of Births # Of Deaths # Of Individuals that ENTER and LEAVE a population 2 TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH 1) EXPONENTIAL GROWTH Population grows EXTREMELY RAPID and at a CONSTANT RATE Unlimited resources Results: J-Shaped curve 2) LOGISTIC GROWTH • Period of Exponential Growth, but will STOP or SLOW DOWN • CARRYING CAPACITY: total # of individuals a population can support • Limited Resources Goes through a # of Phases RESULTS: S-shaped curve Human Population Growth Predator – Prey Relationship LIMITING FACTOR FACTOR THAT CAUSES THE POPULATION TO DECREASE 1)Density Dependent 1)Density Independent Density-Dependent Limiting Factors Factors that depend on the SIZE of a population EXAMPLES: *Competition *Predation *Disease *Parasitism Density-Independent Limiting Factors Factors that affect ALL population regardless of population size EXAMPLES: *Natural disasters *Weather *Human Activities Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession What is Ecological Succession? • Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area • Can be primary or secondary Primary Succession • Begins in a place without any soil: »Sides of volcanoes »Landslides »Flooding • First, lichens that do not need soil to survive grow on rocks • Next, mosses (nonvascular plant---does not have xylem or phloem) grow to hold newly made soil and are known as a PIONEER SPECIES (1st to inhabit an area) Pioneer Species Lichens break down rock to form soil. Low, growing moss plants trap moisture and prevent soil erosion Primary Succession Steps 1. Simple plants (ex: mosses and ferns) grow in the new soil 2. Simple plants die (adding more nutrients to the soil) thickening the soil and other plants begin to grow 3. Process repeats; shrubs and trees survive 4. Insects, small birds, mammals, etc move into an area and now can support a variety of life Secondary Succession • Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms • Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession • Example: after forest fires Ecological Succession Recap 2 types of ecological succession: Primary Succession (no soil; ex: volcano lava flow with a pioneer species; longer process) Secondary Succession (existing soil; disturbance; faster process) Ecological Succession Exit Ticket Only write the answer! You may use your notes. Place in basket with name when finished. No talking!!!! 1. List 3 factors that affect population growth. 2. What are 3 characteristics of a population? 3. What type of growth goes through a period of rapid growth, and slows down or stops? 4. What is the term for the largest # of individuals a population can hold? 5. What type of growth grows at a constant rate? 6. List 2 density-dependent limiting factors. 7. List 2 density-independent limiting factors. 8. Which type of succession begins in a place with no soil? 9. Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area is known as _____________. 10. Lichens, moss, and ferns are all example of which type of species? (Hint: 1st species to inhabit and area) Human Impact on the Environment Global Warming: in Earth’s average temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases which prevents heat from escaping Ozone depletion • Caused by aerosol chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • CFC’s – Escape into atmosphere, reacts breaking down the ozone (O3, a protective atmospheric layer) – UV rays penetrate the atmosphere and cause harm to many organisms Human Population Current: 7+ billion Estimated: 9+ billion (2042) Effect of Disease on a Population • 1. AIDS---final stage of HIV disease which causes severe immune deficiency • 2. Influenza--- seasonal infectious disease caused by an RNA virus • 3. Tuberculosis (TB)--- contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs Effect of Disease on a Population • 4. Dutch Elm Disease--- an introduced species caused by a fungus and spead by elm bark beetle • 5. Pfiesteria--- associated with harmful algal blooms and fish kills in NC Human Impact • • • • • Positive Reforestation Crop Rotation Recycling Sustainable practice (Reduce, reuse, and recycle) Organic • • • • Negative Acid Rain Deforestation Habitat Destruction Invasive/Non-native Species (no natural predators) • Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs North Carolina Ecosystems • Acid Rain: effects in mountains • Beach Erosion: beach is moving further inland • Urban Development in the Piedmont: habitat destruction and water runoff • Waste Lagoons: hog farms (1995 an 8 acre hog waste lagoon in NC burst, spilling 25 million gallons of manure in the New River. The spill killed about 10 million fish and closed 364,000 acres of coastal wetlands to shellfishing. • Kudzu: as an invasive/nonnative plant Impact of Humans on Natural Resources Natural resources: Non-renewable includes fossil fuels (petroleum, coal) Renewable includes animals, plants, water, wind, etc. even renewable resources can run out Pollution: • Agricultural –DDT –Fertilizers –Animal wastes (nitrogen) • Homes –Strong cleaning agents • Industry –Toxic gases and wastes –Acid rain Deforestation • Destruction of forest • Caused by demand for wood products, need for space, farmland, housing, roads, etc Causes Climate Changes ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥ Increase in temperature Decrease in moisture Disrupts carbon cycle Soil erosion Loss of Biodiversity Habitat fragmentation Habitat Fragmentation Habitat Fragmentation Pesticide Use and Bioaccumulation ♥ Pesticides negatively affects humans, animals, & the environment ♥ Pesticide use can lead to resistance in pests ♥ Pesticide concentration INCREASED/MAGNIFIE D as you go up the food chain (Bioaccumulation) RESULTS: Ex: Toxicity in fish caused near extinction of fish eating birds Sustainable Practices: environmental safe practice that promotes conservation ♥ Help preserve the standard of living for future generations ♥ Will provide clean air, water, fuel sources and air Practices: ♥ Recycle ♥ Use energy efficient appliances ♥ Use Solar Power ♥ Use Wind power ♥ Use Hydro power