Download CLASSIFICATION

BIODIVERSITY
= Biological
diversity
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/
What is biodiversity?
• the genetic diversity
contained in
• the variety of life
forms and
• the ecosystems they
inhabit and in which
they play ecological
roles.
•Copyright ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity has several levels:
Genetic
Diversity
Heliconius
Species
Diversity
Ecosystem
Diversity
How do we benefit from
biodiversity?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medicine
Economic
Food security
Scientific
Cultural
Ecosystem
Services
• Aesthetic
BLM
We derive medicine from biodiversity
• 25% of all
pharmaceuticals in U.S.
contain ingredients
derived from native
plants.
We derive food from biodiversity
We derive materials and energy from
biodiversity
We derive scientific understanding from
biodiversity
We derive cultural diversity from
biodiversity
We derive recreation from biodiversity
We derive ecotourism from biodiversity
We derive aesthetics from biodiversity
We derive ecosystem services from
biodiversity
•http://www.sos2006.jp/english/rsbs_summary_e/rsbs_files/22.jpg
US$33 trillion per year.
As a comparison, global gross national
product total is around US $18 trillion per
year.
Robert Constanza et al.
Genetic Diversity:
Insurance
Genetically identical:
Genetically diverse:
Susceptible to change
Resistant to change
Species
diversity
How many species
on Earth?
~2 million species
named;
3-100 million est.
Organizing species into a hierarchy
• Kingdom
– Phylum
• Animalia
– Chordata
• Mammalia
– Carnivora
• Class
–Order
»Family
»
Genus
»
Species
»Canidae
»
»
Canis
latrans
Hint: King Phillip Came Over From Germany Smiling
6 Kingdoms of Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Archea (<1%)
2. Bacteria (<1%)
3. Protists (4%)
4. Fungi (5%)
5. Plants (18%)
6. Animals (73%)
Animal Diversity
33% of all
animals are
what?
33%
BEETLES!
Order level
Animal Diversity
74% of all
animals are
what?
74%
INSECTS!
Class level
Animal Diversity
86% of all
animals are
what?
ARTHROPODS
Phylum level
86%
Insects, Spiders,
Scorpions,
Crustaceans, etc.
Animal Diversity
4% of all
animals are
what?
4%
VERTEBRATES
Fish,
Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds,
Mammals
Proportions of named organisms
Kinds of Biodiversity Loss
• 1. Loss of Abundance – Genetic
• 2. Species Extinction
• 3. Ecosystem Disruption/Loss
1. Heliconius
2. Hawaii’s Black Mamo
3. Loss of rainforest
•Patterns in Biodiversity
• Species diversity varies
• by groups: some have
many species, some few
• by latitude: species
richness increases
toward Equator
•bird species in North and
Central America
Biodiversity Hotspots
Link
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 1. Loss of Abundance – Genetic
– loss of diversity within a
species, affects genetic
diversity (loss of diversity in
the gene pool, thus less
adaptability).
http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/courses/EEB182/Lecture13/lect13.html
Mt. Graham
Red Squirrel
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 2. Species extinction
– Natural
– Human-caused
•NASA
panda.org
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 2. Natural Species extinction
• “Background” extinctions
– ~1 extinction/5-10 years
• Mass extinctions
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 2. Human-caused
species extinctions
• 1600-1900:
1 species/year
• Current:
> 100-1,000
species/year
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 2. Human-caused species extinctions
• Species characteristics that
affect chances of extinction:
– economic importance
– specialist vs. generalist
– reproductive rates...
Main Causes of Species
Extinctions by Humans
1. Habitat Loss: Alteration, Fragmentation
2. Introduced Species
3. Overharvesting
Kinds of Losses of Biodiversity
• 3. Ecosystem Disruption or Loss
– Habitat Fragmentation and the Theory
of Island Biogeography
Theory of Island Biogeography
• Scientists observed
that bigger islands
have exponentially
more species on them.
• (NOTE: scales are
logarithmic, this is an
exponential curve)
Theory of Island Biogeography
• How many species are present on an
island depends on
– 1. rates of extinction
– 2. rates of colonization
• These rates depend on
– 1. size of the island
– 2. distance to the mainland
Theory of Island Biogeography
• Rates of colonization and extinction
depend on:
–1. Size of the island
•Bigger islands = more species
–2. Distance to the mainland
•Closer to mainland (“source” of “new”
individuals and species) = more species
Does the theory of island
biogeography apply to habitat
islands on land?
Human land use fragments habitat
• Over time,
habitat is lost
and
fragmented
as land is
“converted”
to agriculture,
houses,
parking lots,
malls, roads….
Fragmentation
• Fragmentation works
like the theory of
island biogeography
predicts it would...
Each little area of woods acts like
an island
•Copyright ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Species increase with
increasing habitat island size
Exponential
Increase
•Do national
parks act like
islands in island
biogeography
theory?
Do larger parks preserve more species?
Park
Area (km2)
% Species Lost
Bryce Canyon
144
36%
Lassen Volcano
Crater Lake
426
641
43%
31%
Rocky Mt
1,049
31%
Sequoia-Kings Canyon
Glacier-Waterton
Grand Teton-Yellowstone
3,389
4,627
10,328
23%
7%
4%
Kootenay-Banff-JasperYoho
20,736
0%
Source: Wolf, E.C. 1987. On the brink of extinction.
Protection of Biodiversity
• Species Approaches
– Hunting and Fishing Laws
– Endangered Species Act
– Treaties
– Zoos/Gene Banks
• Ecosystem Approaches
– Parks/Preserves, etc.
Endangered Species Act
• Definitions
– Endangered species: “any species
which is in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant
portion of its range”
Endangered Species Act
• Definitions
– Threatened species: “any species
which is likely to become an
endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all
or a significant portion of its
range.”
Endangered Species Act
•
Provisions of the Act:
1. List Species requiring protection
– Exemptions for “undue economic
hardship”
2. Protect Species (no hunting, etc.)
3. Protect Critical Habitat
4. Species Recovery Program
– Recovery Team
– Recovery Plan
Endangered Species Act
– Protection measures
• 1. Prohibits hunting, killing, capturing,
selling, importing, or exporting any
endangered species or products
Bear gall bladder
products. Marketed bile
products include eye
medicines, hemorrhoid
cream and bear bile
wine. (Photo courtesy
of Animals Asia
Foundation)
Endangered Species Act
• Protection measures
• 2. Protects critical habitat
– “Areas that are essential for the
conservation of a threatened or
endangered species and which may
require special management
considerations.”
– Forbids government or governmentsponsored activities that might
threaten an endangered species
Endangered Species Act
• Protection measures
• 2. Protects critical habitat
Endangered Species Act
• Applications
• Snail darter vs. Tellico
Dam
• American alligator
• Kirtland Warbler
Endangered Species Act
Total
Animals
Plants
US Endangered
1046
448
598
US Threatened
305
159
146
1351
607
744
AZ Endangered
36
25
11
AZ Threatened
18
12
6
AZ Total
54
37
17
US Total
Link to USFWS Site
Link to Pima County
Global Species List
• IUCN Red List
IUCN link
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Protection of Biodiversity
• Treaties: International
– CITES
• 1975, Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species
Protection of Biodiversity
• Zoos and genetic banks
– Captive breeding programs,
reintroduction
– Problems
• Small population size
Protection of Biodiversity
Problems:
Small
population
size
Source: Data from H. L. Jones and J. Diamond, “Short-term-base Studies of Turnover in Breeding Bird Populations on the California Coast
Island,” in Condor, vol. 78:526-549, 1976.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Protection of Biodiversity
• Ecosystem approach
– Preserves, parks, refuges,
wilderness areas, etc.
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Which is better?
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Continuous better
than fragmented
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Which is better?
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Triangle minimizes
distance between
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Which is better?
Ideas about preserving
biodiversity
• Corridors allow
gene flow