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Population Dynamics, Carrying
Capacity, and Conservation Biology
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 9
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Population Dynamics and Carrying
Capacity
 Population dynamics
 Zero population growth (ZPG)
 Biotic potential (intrinsic rat of increase [r])
 Environmental resistance
 Carrying capacity
 Minimum viable population (MVP)
Population Dispersion
Fig. 9-2 p. 191
Factors Affecting Population Size
Fig. 9-3 p. 192
Exponential and Logistic Growth
Fig. 9-4 p. 192
Fig. 9-5 p. 193
Fig. 9-6 p. 193
Population Density Effects
Density-independent controls
Density-dependent controls
Natural Population Curves
Fig. 9-7 p. 194
The Role of Predation in Controlling
Population Size
 Predator-prey cycles  Top-down control
 Bottom-up control
Fig. 9-8 p. 195
Reproductive Patterns and Survival
 Asexual reproduction  r-selected species
 Sexual reproduction  K-selected species
Fig. 9-10
p. 196
Survivorship Curves
Fig. 9-11 p. 198
Conservation Biology: Sustaining
Wildlife Populations
 Investigate human impacts on biodiversity
 Ideas for maintaining biodiversity
 Endangered species management
 Wildlife reserves and ecological restoration
 Ecological economics
 Environmental ethics
 Wildlife management
Human Impacts on Ecosystems
 Habitat degradation and fragmentation
 Ecosystem simplification
 Genetic resistance
 Predator elimination
 Introduction of non-native species
 Overharvesting renewable resources
 Interference with ecological systems
Learning from Nature
 Interdependence
 Diversity
 Resilience
 Adaptability
 Unpredictability
 Limits
See Connections p. 200
The Human Population: Growth,
Demography, and Carrying Capacity
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 12
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Factors Affecting Human
Population Size
Population change equation
Population
Change
=
(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Crude birth rate (BR)
Crude death rate (DR)
Refer to Fig. 12-3 p. 255
Natural Rate of Increase
Annual world
population growth
<1%
1-1.9%
2-2.9%
3+%
Data not
available
Fig. 12-4 p. 256
Fertility Rates
 Replacement-level fertility  Total fertility rate (TFR)
Births per woman
<2
4-4.9
2-2.9
5+
3-3.9
No
Data
Fig. 12-10 p. 258
Factors Affecting BR and TFR
 See bulleted list in text p. 259
Births per thousand population
 US BR’s and TFR’s
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
0
1910
Fig. 12-13 p. 259;
see Fig. 12-12 p. 259
End of World War II
Demographic
transition
1920
Depression
1930
1940
Baby boom
1950
1960
Year
Baby bust
1970
Echo baby boom
1980
1990
2000
2010
Factors Affecting DR
 Life expectancy  Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant deaths
per 1,000 live births
<10
<10-35
<36-70
<71-100
<100+
Data not
available
Fig. 12-18 p. 262
Factors Affecting Natural Rate of
Increase
Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate – crude death rate
50
40
Rate per 1,000 people
50
Rate of
natural increase
30
Crude
birth rate
20
Crude
death rate
10
0
17751800
1850
1900
1950
Crude
birth rate
40
30
Crude
death rate
Rate of
natural
increase
20
10
2000
2050
0
17751800
Fig. 12-17 p. 262
1850
1900 1950
Year
2000
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
2050
Fig. 12-19
p. 263
Population Age Structure
Male
Female
Rapid Growth
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Ages 0-14
Slow Growth
United States
Australia
Canada
Ages 15-44
Zero Growth
Spain
Austria
Greece
Negative Growth
Germany
Bulgaria
Sweden
Ages 45-85+
Solutions: Influencing
Population Size
Migration
Environmental refugees
Reducing births
Family planning
Empowerment of women
Economic rewards and penalties
The Demographic Transition
Stage 2
Transindustrial
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
High
80
70
Fig. 12-25 p. 269
Relative population size
Birth rate and death rate
(number per 1,000 per year)
Stage 1
Preindustrial
60
50
Birth rate
40
30
Death rate
20
10
0
Total population
Low
Increasing Growth Very high Decreasing
Low
Zero
growth rate
growth rate
growth rate growth rate growth rate growth rate
Time
Low
Negative
growth rate
Case Study: Slowing Population
Growth in India
Generally disappointing results:
Poor planning
Bureaucratic inefficiency
Low status of women
Extreme poverty
Lack of support
Case Study: Slowing Population
Growth in China
Generally positive results:
Economic incentives
Free medical care
Preferential treatment
Intrusive and coercive
Locally administered
Cutting Global Population Growth
Family planning
Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women