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Cannabis sativa and C. indica
Cannabis sativa and C. indica
Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid
High tech Cannabis growing
in the Netherlands
Effects of Indigenous People on the
Natural World
Yanomami farm clearing Amazonia
North America – extinction of the
Pleistocene Megafauna
• 12,000 years ago, the central grasslands of North
America harbored an extremely diverse group of
large mammals - antelopes, horses, cheetahs, giant
ground sloths, mammoths, mastodons
• Within 1,000 years 33 genera of large mammals
had gone extinct in North America
• This is compared with 20 genera of large
mammals going extinct in North America in the
previous 3 million years
Woolly Mammoth
Giant Elk and Mammoth
Giant Ground Sloth – 4 m tall
Dire wolf – Canis dirus
Extinction in Madagascar
• People arrived in Madagascar 1500 to 2000
years ago and wiped out two giant tortoise
species, a bear-sized giant lemur, a small
species of hippotamus, several other
mammals, and several species of large
flightless elephant birds
Elephant Bird
Extinctions in New Zealand
• Maori’s arrived in New Zealand about 1,000
years ago - hunting together with changes in
the landscape due to human use of fire, lead
to the extinction of 11 species of moas
(large flightless birds ranging in size from
turkey to much larger than an ostrich) by
1700; also driven extinct were 5 species of
rail and 6 species of waterfowl
Small Moa
Giant Moa Skeleton –
with Kiwi and Ostrich
Extinctions in the Hawaiian Islands
• 44 species of endemic land birds out of 82
went extinct between the arrival of the
Polynesians and the Europeans
• Habitat change was probably important, but
so was hunting of flightless geese, ibises
and rails
Nene – Hawaiian flightless goose
Extinctions Following European
Arrival in North America
• The passenger pigeon, heath hen, Carolina
parakeet, Labrador duck, and Great Auk
were hunted to extinction; bison, beaver,
turkey, and white-tailed deer were greatly
reduced in population; whales were pursued
around the world by New England whalers
and many were almost reduced to extinction
Carolina
Parakeet
Labrador Duck
Great Auk
Loss of Prairie and Forests in
Midwest
Slash and burn or Swidden Agriculture
Slash and burn – early in clearing
stage – aerial view
Slash and burn – burning cleared site
Cultivation of slash and burn site –
mainly manioc growing
Manioc or Cassava – Manihot esculenta
Fallow period of end of cultivation –
Slash and Burn
Swidden Agriculture in Germany
and Finland
Ethnobotany and Conservation
Rattan harvest Southeast Asia
Reserves and the Padaung People
Extractive Reserves – First
Established in Brazil
Rubber Tappers and Chico Mendes
Establishment of Extractive
Reserves in Peru and Ecuador
Use of Plants for Food Medicine in
Amazonia
• The Chacabo use 78.7% of the tree species
• The Ka’apor in Brazil use 76.8% of the tree
species
• The Tembe in Brazil use 61.3% of the tree
species
• The Panare in Venezuela use 48.6% of the
tree species
Use of Plants for Food Medicine in
Amazonia
• The Chacabo were first contacted by the
Summer Institute of Linguistics in 1955.
• The Ka’apor were “pacified” in 1928.
• The Tembe were “pacified” in the 1850’s.
• The Panare have been in contact with nonIndians since the Spanish explored the
middle Orinoco region in the 1600’s.
Families of Special Conservation
Concern
• Palm family Areaceae (food, fiber, shelter)
• Brazil nut family Lecythidaceae (food)
• Chrysobalanaceae (related to roses - food,
medicine),
• The hallucinogenic caapi vine family
Malpighiaceae (medicines)
Economic Valuation
Alwyn Gentry and Colleagues
Calculations
• $6330 – value of fruit and latex harvested per
hectare per year in Peru
• $490 – sustainable harvest of timber – so total
value of $6820 per year
• $3184 – tree farming in Brazil per hectare per year
• $2690 – price per hectare of cattle ranching land
in Brazil
• $148 per year profit from cattle ranching per
hectare in Brazil
• $564 worth of medicine per hectare from 30 year
old forest in Belize
• $3054 worth of medicine per hectare from 50 year
old forest in Belize