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Marine Biology: Introduction to Marine Environment Marine Environment • • • • • • Properties of water Basic oceanography Ecological principles Larval ecology Terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems Divisions of marine environment Oceans: seawater • • • • 71% surface 3.8 km depth 1.370 x 106 km3 volume Presence of all phyla Water property Solvent actions of water Water property • • • • • • • Surface tension Conduct of heat Viscosity Latent heat of evaporation Heat capacity Density (Temp, Salinity, Pressure) Dissolving ability Seawater property • • • • • 96.5% water + 3.5% dissolved compounds (salt) Salinity: 34-37 psu ppt %o PSU (practical salinity unit) (Evaporation – Precipitation) Equator Seawater constituents: Principle of constant proportions • Major (99.28%): Cl (55.04%); Na (30.61%); SO4-2; Mg; Ca; K • Minor (0.71%): HCO3; Br; HBO3; Sr (Strontium) • The remaining 0.01%: (not constant) Nitrate; phosphate; SiO2; trace metals; organic compounds; gases (O2 and CO2) Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas • Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain • Seamount & trench Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas • Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain • Seamount & trench Basic oceanography • • • • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain Seamount & trench Tectonic plates (板塊) Plate Tectonics • Continental drift • Seafloor spreading Plate Tectonics • • • • Continental drift Seafloor spreading Subduction Hydrothermal vents Temperature and vertical stratification • Metabolism: Q10 • Preference & tolerance • Poikilothermic or ectothermic vs. homeothermic or endothermic • Thermocline (50-300m) • Picnocline • Surface water temperature: SST T-S diagram: Sigma-t (st) = (density – 1) x 1000 Light: solar radiation • Photosynthetic Active Radiation • Euphotic, disphotic, aphotic • Light extinction coefficient K = (ln I0 – ln Id) / depth (m) Wave • Wind wave height: wind speed, distance wind blows, duration wind blows • Wavelength Current • Predominant wind • Ekman spiral: Corioris effect Upwelling • Coastal upwelling • Equatorial upwelling Circulation of seawater • Antarctic convergence: cooling of saline water from equator >>> intermediate water masses • Antarctic circumpolar: freezing causes cold and saline water sink >>>Antarctic bottom Atlantic Pacific Indian ocean Ocean conveyor belt • Thermohaline circulation • Slowing or shut-down: cooling of Europe Internal wave • • • • • Flow over tough topography Propagate along the picnocline Weak surface slick Mix deep water in thermocline Luzon channel Ecological principles • Ecology, Species, community, ecosystem • Ecosystem components: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic; trophic structure, trophic level, food web vs. food chain Biomass pyramid Energy pyramid Biogeochemical cycles • Carbon cycle • Phosphorus cycle • Nitrogen cycle Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Ecosystem structure • • • • Niche: fundamental & realized niches Habitat Dominant Species richness, diversity: species richness not equal to stable environment • Liebig’s law od the minimum: limiting factor Ecological control • • • • Competition: competitive exclusion principle Predation: predator vs. prey Grazing Keystone species or key industry species Benthic invertebrates: distribution & abundance • • • • Recruitment Migration Asexual reproduction Mortality Larval types • Planktotrophic larvae: mostly in tropics, shallow water • Lecithotrophic: more towards polar regions and the deep sea • Non pelagic (no free-swimming larvae): as lecithotrophic larvae Planktotrophic Lecithotrophic Nonpelagic Factors affecting larval settlement K Selection vs. r selection Opportunistic vs. equilibrium species • life-history strategy • Higher frequency of disturbances favors r selective species • Unequal distribution of disturbance allows coexistence Terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems • • • • • Carbohydrates vs. proteins Vertical distribution Large vs. small primary producer Carnivores common in marine environment More productive on land; more efficient in energy transfer in marine food chains ay lower levels • Marine food chains much more complicated
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