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Springs • Hooke’s Law (Fs) FS kx • Spring Constant (k) • Spring Force – is a restoring force because it always pushes or pulls towards the equilibrium position. Simple Harmonic Motion • Simple harmonic motion occurs when the net force along the direction of motion obeys Hooke’s Law – In other words, when the net force is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium point and is always directed towards the equilibrium point. Fig. 15.3, p.456 Terminology • Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement • Period (T) – time it takes the object to move through one complete cycle • Frequency (f) – the number of complete cycles per unit of time 1 f T • Acceleration (a) ma F kx k a x m The Equations Equations of Motion for the object-spring system Pendulum Equations Types of Traveling Waves • Transverse wave – the displacement of the wave is perpendicular to the motion of the wave – Sine and cosine graphs – Light waves (electromagnetic waves) • Longitudinal wave – the displacement of the wave is parallel to the motion of the wave – Sound waves Fig. 16.2, p.488 Fig. 16.5, p.489 Fig. 16.3, p.488 Fig. 16.10, p.495 Terminology and Equations • Wavelength (l) • Wave speed (v) v l T fl • Mass per unit length (m) m m l • If the wave is traveling on a string then the wave velocity is defined as: T v m Fig. 16.8a, p.492 IMPORTANT • There are two different velocities for a traveling transverse wave. – The wave speed, which is literally how fast the wave is moving to the left or to the right. – The transverse velocity, which is how fast the wave (rope, string) is moving up and down. Wave Interference • Superposition Principle – when two or more waves encounter each other while traveling through a medium, the resultant wave is found by adding together the displacements of the individual waves point by point. Fig. 18.1, p.545 Fig. 18.2, p.546