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FCAT 2.0 PHYSICAL SCIENCE
REVIEW
MRS. BLOCH
Coral Gables Preparatory Academy
Big Idea 8: Properties of Matter
SC.8.P.8.1 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain the motion
of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
SC.8.P.8.2 : Differentiate between weight and mass recognizing that weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an
object and is distinct from, though proportional to, mass.
SC.8.P.8.3 Explore and describe the densities of various materials through measurement of their masses and
volumes.
SC.8.P.8.4 Classify and compare substances on the basis of characteristic physical properties that can be
demonstrated or measured; for example, density, thermal or electrical conductivity, solubility, magnetic properties,
melting and boiling points, and know that these properties are independent of the amount of the sample.
SC.8.P.8.5 Recognize that there are a finite number of elements and that their atoms combine in a multitude of ways to
produce compounds that make up all of the living and nonliving things that we encounter.
SC.8.P.8.6 Recognize that elements are grouped in the periodic table according to similarities of their properties.
SC.8.P.8.7 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by recognizing that atoms are the
smallest unit of an element and are composed of sub-atomic particles (electrons surrounding a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons).
SC.8.P.8.8 Identify basic examples of and compare and classify the properties of compounds, including acids, bases,
and salts.
SC.8.P.8.9 Distinguish among mixtures (including solutions) and pure substances.
SC.8.P.8.1 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain
the motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
SOLID
How Do You Describe A Solid?
•Has a definite shape and a definite volume.
•The particles that make up a solid are packed very closely together.
•Each particle is tightly fixed in one position
LIQUID
How Do You Describe A Liquid?
•Has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
•The particles in a liquid are packed almost as closely together as a
solid but they are able to slide past each other.
•The particles in a liquid take the shape of their container.
GAS
How Do You Describe a Gas?
•Has No definite shape and No definite Volume
•The particles move and spread apart, filling up all the space possible.
They move as far apart as they can.
SC.8.P.8.2 : Differentiate between weight and mass recognizing that weight is the amount of gravitational
pull on an object and is distinct from, though proportional to, mass.
What Determines Gravity?
Objects in space are affected by different forces.
A force is a push or a pull.
A force called gravity attracts all objects toward each other.
Sir Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts
every other object.
The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors:
1. the masses of the objects
The greater the mass, the stronger the gravity.
2. the distance between them. The greater the distance, the weaker the gravity.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Weight is the measure of the force of gravity on an object.
An object’s weight can change depending on its location.
An object’s mass doesn’t change because of location.
SC.8.P.8.3 Explore and describe the densities of various materials through measurement of their masses
and volumes.
Density is a measure of the mass of a material in a given volume.
Density is expressed as grams in one cubic centimeter, or g/cm3..
The density of water is 1 g/mL, or 1 g/cm³.
Objects with greater densities will sink.
Objects with lesser densities will float.
Density is a physical property of a substance.
It can be used to identify an unknown substance.
SC.8.P.8.4 Classify and compare substances on the basis of characteristic physical properties that can be
demonstrated or measured; for example, density, thermal or electrical conductivity, solubility, magnetic properties,
melting and boiling points, and know that these properties are independent of the amount of the sample.
A physical property is a characteristic of matter you can observer or measure without
changing the identity of substance.
True or False – Which of the following are examples of physical properties?
• States of Matter
• True
• Mass
• True
• Burning
• False (because you change
the substance into
something new)
• Melting
• True
• Magnetism
• True
• Density
• True
• Ability to Rust
• False ( rust is a new
substance)
• Cutting a piece of paper
• True (just a smaller piece of
paper)
• Dissolving sugar into water
• True (the sugar’s nor the
water’s identity have not
changed )
• Most frequently missed!!!!
SC.8.P.8.5 Recognize that there are a finite number of elements and that their atoms combine in a
multitude of ways to produce compounds that make up all of the living and nonliving things that we
encounter.
•The different ways atoms combine contribute to the diversity of all living and
nonliving things.
•When atoms combine, they form compounds.
•Certain atom combinations make certain compounds.
•How atoms form compounds has to do with electrons and their energy levels.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
•Neutral atom= same # of protons and electrons.
•E.g. Helium (Atomic # 2) has 2 protons and 2 electrons
•Electrons of atoms are found in different energy levels.
•Electrons at higher energy levels have higher amounts of energy.
•The valence electrons of an atom are those electrons that have the highest
energy.
BONDING
The number of valence electrons in each atom helps determine the
chemical properties of that element.
Maximum # of valence electrons
an atom can have =8
Least # of valence electrons
an atom can have =1
The lower the number of valence
electrons, the more likely atoms
are to form compounds; the
greater the number of valence
electrons, the less likely atoms
are to form compounds
The periodic table is made up of rows called
periods, and colums called groups or families.
According to their PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL
PROPETIES (appearance and behavior),
elements are classified as metals, nonmetals,
and metalloids.
Most elements are metals , they are located on
the left side. Nonmetals are on the right!
GROUPS GO
DOWN
PERIODS PARADE ACROSS
Elements with similar chemical properties are located in the same column or group!
SC.8.P.8.7 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by recognizing that atoms are the
smallest unit of an element and are composed of sub-atomic particles (electrons surrounding a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons).
Nucleus- At the center of an atom. It
contains the Protons and Neutrons.
Every atom of the same element has
the same number of protons, called the
atomic number. The number of protons
also determines the chemical
properties of an element. As a result,
modern periodic tables are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.
Protons- Positively charged particles.
Neutrons- Particles with no charge. ATOMIC NUMBER = # OF PROTONS
# OF PROTONS = # OF ELECTRONS
Electrons- Negatively charged
ATOMIC MASS = # PROTONS + NEUTRONS
particles.
SC.8.P.8.8 Identify basic examples of and compare and classify the properties of compounds, including
acids, bases, and salts.
Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds.
Scientists ask themselves these questions:
Is the matter uniform throughout?
Can it be separated by physical means?
Can it be separated by chemical means?
By asking these questions scientists can classify matter into:
Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each
other and can be separated by physical means. The substances in a mixture retain
their individual properties.
Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one substance dissolves in another.
Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything
else by physical or chemical means.
Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They
can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.
IONIC COMPOUNDS (GIVE)
When a neutral atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom, it results in the formation of an ionic compound.
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge.
•When a neutral atom loses a valence electron, it loses a negative charge and becomes a positive ion.
• When a neutral atom gains an electron, it gains a negative charge and becomes a negative ion.
•Ionic Bonds usually form between metals which lose a(n) electron(s) and nonmetals which gain an electron(s)
When oppositely charged ions bond, the result is an ionic
compound. An ionic compound is made up of positive and
negative ions, but the overall charge on the compound is zero.
COVALENT COMPOUNDS (SHARE)
Electron Sharing
The chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons is called a covalent bond.
Covalent bonds usually form between nonmetal atoms.
Covalent bonds hold the atoms together to form a molecular compound.
A molecular compound is a compound that is made up of molecules.
The 2 bonded oxygen atoms form a molecule, a neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds.
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally, such as H₂, is a nonpolar bond.
A covalent bond in which one atom pulls harder on the electrons than the other atom,
such as HF, is a polar bond.
Polar bonds can create polar molecules that have positively charged and negatively
charged ends.
These polar molecules have stronger intermolecular forces (forces between molecules)
than nonpolar molecules.
A pH scale is used to measure acids and bases. The most
acidic substances are found at the low end of the scale,
and basic substances are found at the high end. Pure
water and salts are both neutral and are found at 7 on
the pH scale.
ACIDS 0-6
BASES 8-14
7 IS NEUTRAL
A reaction between an acid and a base is
called neutralization, and it results in the
formation of a salt.
Salt compounds are made from the
positive ion of a base and the negative
ion of an acid.
Since salts are made from ions, they
share the same properties of ionic
compounds, including crystal shape, high
melting points and boiling points, and
electrical conductivity.
SC.8.P.8.9 Distinguish among mixtures (including solutions) and pure substances.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE–
THE SAME THROUGHOUT.
EX. -SALT WATER, AIR, BLOOD
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURENOT THE SAME THROUGHOUT.
EX.- TRAIL MIX, SALAD, CHICKEN NOODLE SOUP
SOLUTIONSMADE OF A SOLUTE- THE SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOLVES
AND A SOLVENT- WHAT THE SOLUTE DISSOLVES IN.
EX. KOOL AID IS THE SOLUTE
WATER IS THE SOLVENT
PURE SUBSTANCESELEMENT-MADE OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ELEMENT FROM
THE PERIODIC TABLE.
EX. HYDROGEN – H
COMPOUND – MADE OF MORE THAN ONE ELEMENT IN
WHICH THE ATOMS ARE CHEMICALLY BONDED.
EX. WATER – H20
Big Idea 9: Changes in Matter
SC.8.P.9.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating and concluding that mass is conserved when
substances undergo physical and chemical changes.
SC.8.P.9.2 Differentiate between physical changes and chemical changes.
SC.8.P.9.3 Investigate and describe how temperature influences chemical changes.
Big Idea 10: Forms of Energy
SC.7.P.10.1 Illustrate that the sun's energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths, including infrared,
visible, and ultraviolet, and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors.
SC.7.P.10.2 Observe and explain that light can be reflected, refracted, and/or absorbed
SC.7.P.10.3 Recognize that light waves, sound waves, and other waves move at different speeds in different materials.
Big Idea 9: Changes in Matter
SC.8.P.9.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating and concluding that mass is conserved when
substances undergo physical and chemical changes.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change. This fact is stated by
the law of conservation of mass
Count the atoms of each element before and after the chemical change. Is mass conserved in this
reaction? Explain.
SC.8.P.9.2 Differentiate between physical changes and chemical changes.
A physical change is any change that alters the form or appearance of the substance but does
not change it into another substance.
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances is a chemical change or
chemical reaction. Chemical changes occur when existing bonds break and new bonds form.
New substances are produced
SC.8.P.9.3 Investigate and describe how temperature influences chemical changes
Adding Heat-When you heat a substance, its particles move faster. Faster moving particles have
more energy which helps reactants get over the activation energy barrier quicker. Faster moving
particles come in contact more often giving more chances for a reaction to happen.
Removing /reducing heat (cooling)- Reducing temperature slows down reaction rates.
A chemical reaction will happen faster:
if there are more reactant particles,
if the reactant particles react more quickly, or
if the reactant particles react with more energy.
Forms of Energy
SC.7.P.10.1 Illustrate that the sun's energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths, including infrared,
visible, and ultraviolet, and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors.
Electromagnetic Radiation is the energy that the Electromagnetic Wave transfers through
matter or space.
It can travel without a medium such as air or water.
The sun’s energy arrives on Earth as electromagnetic radiation!
Wavelength- the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest f the next wave.
Frequency- the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.
As wavelength decreases, frequency increases.
Waves with the longest wavelengths have the lowest frequencies.
Waves with the shortest wavelengths have the highest frequencies.
The higher the frequency of a wave, the higher its energy.
SC.7.P.10.2 Observe and explain that light can be reflected, refracted, and/or absorbed
Regular Reflection occurs when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface. You see a clear
image. An image is a copy of the object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light.
Diffuse reflection occurs when parallel rays of light hit an uneven surface. You either
don’t see an image or the image is not clear. Most objects reflect light diffusely.
Reflection = Bouncing
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed (frequency
speed) is different.
The light ray bends as it passes through different mediums.
When light hits an object=
it can be reflected, refracted, and/or absorbed.
The more transparent/see-through an object is, the less light it will absorb.
An opaque/solid not clear object will both reflect and absorb light.
When white light enters a prism, each wavelength is refracted (bend)
by a different amount.
The longer the wavelength= wave is less bent by a prism
A mirage is an image of a distant object caused by the refraction of light.
When light moves from hot air near the ground to cooler air above, it refracts. You may see a mirage on a road.
SC.7.P.10.3 Recognize that light waves, sound waves, and other waves move at different speeds in different materials.
Light waves, sounds waves, and other waves move at different speed in different
materials.
The speed of a wave through a substance is determined by the substance’s physical properties.
Light, like all Electromagnetic waves, consists of:
Vibrating electric fields and
magnetic fields
The speed of light through a substance depends on how that substance interacts with
electric and magnetic fields.
The speed of sound waves is affected by three factors—temperature, compressibility and
density
•As temperature of a medium (way) increases = the speed of sound also increases.
• As for solids, a temperature increase = causes wave speeds to decrease.
Big Idea 11: Energy Transfer and Transformations
SC.6.P.11.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating between potential and kinetic energy. Identify
situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa.
SC.7.P.11.1 Recognize that adding heat to or removing heat from a system may result in a temperature change and
possibly a change of state
SC.7.P.11.2 Investigate and describe the transformation of energy
SC.7.P.11.3 Cite evidence to explain that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to
another.
SC.7.P.11.4 Observe and describe the ways that heat moves.
Big Idea 12: Motion of Objects
SC.6.P.12.1 Measure and graph distance versus time for an object moving at a constant speed. Interpret this
relationship.
Big Idea 13: Forces and Changes in Motion
SC.6.P.13.1 Investigate and describe types of forces including contact forces and forces
acting at a distance, such as electrical, magnetic, and gravitational.
SC.6.P.13.2 Explore the Law of Gravity by recognizing that every object exerts gravitational force on every other
object and that the force depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are.
SC.6.P.13.3 Investigate and describe that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed, or direction of
motion, or both.
Big Idea 11: Energy Transfer and Transformations
SC.6.P.11.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating between potential and kinetic energy. Identify
situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa.
What is ENERGY?
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
•When you do work on an object, some of your energy is transferred to that object.
•You can think of work as the transfer of energy.
•Both work and energy are measured in joules.
S.I. Unit for WORK & ENERGY= JOULESWhat Are the Two Types of Energy?
What Are the Two Types of Energy?
Potential Energy – Energy of Position or Condition
Kinetic Energy – Energy of Motion
The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it
has.
Kinetic energy also increases as mass increases.
SC.7.P.11.1 Recognize that adding heat to or removing heat from a system may result in a temperature change and
possibly a change of state
Energy Transformations and Conservation
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
A state is the form in which matter exists.
•All states of matter – solids, liquids, and gases- contain energy!
When heat is added to a system, the temperature of substances in the system increases. When
heat is removed from the system, temperatures decrease. If enough heat is added to or removed
from a system, substances in the system will change states.
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES
A solid has definite shape and volume.
A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
What Forms Of Energy Are Related To Particles?
•Forms of energy related to the particles of objects include nuclear energy, thermal
energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, and chemical energy.
•Nuclear Energy: Particles called atoms make up all objects. The center of an atom is
called the nucleus.
•Nuclear energy is a form of potential energy that is stored in the nucleus of an atom.
The energy is released during a nuclear reaction.
•Ex. The sun’s energy is produced by the process of nuclear fusion, in which the nuclei of
atoms fuse, or join together.
What Forms Of Energy Are Related To Particles?
•Electromagnetic Energy- A form of energy that travels through space in waves.
The energy comes from vibrating electric charges.
•These waves DO NOT require a medium so they can travel through a vacuum, or
empty space.
•Ex. Light from the sun and stars are electromagnetic energy.
•X-rays, radio waves, and microwaves (cell phones use microwaves to send
messages) are also forms of electromagnetic energy.
What Forms Of Energy Are Related To
Particles?
•Chemical Energy- is the potential energy stored in chemical bonds,
which hold atoms to each other. Often when these bonds are broken,
the stored energy is released.
•Ex.- It is in the foods you eat and in the matches
• you use to light a candle.
•-Chemical energy is also released within your
• cells as bonds are broken and energy for your
• body is released.
SC.7.P.11.2 Investigate and describe the transformation of energy
How is Energy Conserved During a Transformation?
•All forms of energy can be transformed into other forms of energy.
•Energy Transformation- A change from one form of energy to another.
•Single Transformation- one form of energy can be changed into another form to
do work.
•Ex.- Your body transforms the chemical energy
• in the food you eat to mechanical energy you
• need to move your muscles.
•Multiple Transformations- a series
• of transformations
•Ex.- in a car engine, electrical energy
• produces a spark. The thermal energy of the spark
• releases chemical energy in the fuel which causes the fuel to expand as it is
broken down into smaller particles. The expansion of the fuel creates pressure on
parts of the car which cause the wheels to turn, transforming chemical energy into
mechanical energy.
SC.7.P.11.3 Cite evidence to explain that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to
another.
The Law of Conservation of Energy
•In a system, as energy is transformed it is neither created or lost. It is
conserved and just changed from one form to another. This is called the
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.
•The total amount of energy before a transformation is the same as the
total amount of energy after the transformations
FRICTION
The energy of a system that is exposed to friction
may decrease. But overall, energy in the system is
neither lost nor created. In fact, the heat produced
by friction is evidence that energy is conserved.
How is Heat Transferred?
•SC.7.P.11.4 Observe and describe the ways that heat moves.
•Heat is being transferred ALL the time and it travels only in one direction
•Heat is transferred from warmer areas to cooler areas.
•Heat is transferred in three different methods:
1. Convection (The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of fluid. (liquid, gas)
2. Conduction (The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another (direct
contact)
3. Radiation (The transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves.)
•Whenever the temperature of an object or substance changes, heat is being
transferred.
How is Heat Transferred?
•Conduction is the transfer of heat from one
particle of matter to another without the
matter moving.
•The fast-moving particles in a warm object
collide with the slow-moving particles in a
cooler object, and the particles in the cooler
object speed up.
• Objects or particles must be in direct contact
for conduction to occur.
How is Heat Transferred?
•Convection occurs only in fluids, such
as water and air.
•As the fluid is heated, its particles
speed up and move farther apart, so it
becomes less dense and rises.
•Cooler fluid flows into its place, is also
heated, and rises.
•Meanwhile, the previously heated fluid
cools down, sinks, and the cycle repeats.
•This flow creates a circular motion
called a convection current.
How is Heat Transferred?
•Radiation is the transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves.
•It is the only form of heat transfer that
does not require matter.
•Energy from the sun travels through
empty space to Earth in the form of
radiation.
Big Idea 12: Motion of Objects
SC.6.P.12.1 Measure and graph distance versus time for an object moving at a constant
speed. Interpret this relationship.
Both of these graphs are distance – time graphs.
Distance divided by time = speed
The steeper the line the faster the speed!
Force
Force- a push or a pull.
-A force can propel the men into the pool.
Applied Force- A force that is put on an object by another object.
-When she used applied force, she was able to open the container.
Gravitational force- A force that pulls objects toward each other.
-Gravitational force pulled the paper toward the floor when it blew off the table.
Inertia- Resistance to change in motion.
-A roller coaster’s inertia makes it hard to stop.
WHAT IS FORCE?
A force is a push or a pull.
When one object pushes or pulls another object, the first object exerts a force on the second
object.
EXAMPLE: You exert a force on a shopping cart when you push it.
Like velocity and acceleration, a force is described by its strength and by the direction in which
it acts.
Pushing left is a different force from pushing right.
The direction and strength of a force can be represented by an arrow. The arrow points in the
direction of the force.
The length of the arrow tells you the strength of the force.
The strength of a force is measured in an
SI unit called the newton (N).
2 Main Types of Forces
Every day you are using forces to act on objects.
The 2 main types of forces are:
contact forces
forces that act at a distance.
Contact forces include: applied forces, the normal force, and friction.
Force act at a distance include:
Electrical force, magnetic force, and gravitational
Brainpop Friction pg. 331
Friction-The force that two surfaces exert (use) on each other when they rub
against each other.
Factors that affect (change) the force of friction
friction
types of surfaces
how hard the surfaces are pushed together
Friction comes from the Greek word- Fricare
Main types of forces
To feel the effects of contact forces, an object
must touch another object.
An applied force is a force that is put on an object by
another object.
The normal force is the force that acts between
objects when they are in contact with each other.
Normal here means perpendicular.
This force acts perpendicular to the surface of contact
such as the wall that pushes back and supports you
when you lean against it or your chair that pushes
back up on you to support your weight.
Forces acting at a distance pg. 332
• Some forces push or pull an object without touching the object.
•Types of forces at a distance:
1.Electrical force- forces between charged objects
•positive(+) charge= proton
negative (-) charge= electron
•If a proton= + which carries a positive charge , is near an electron, which carries a negative charge, they attract one another.
1.Magnetic Force- The attraction or repulsion between magnets poles.
2.Gravitational Force- A force that pulls objects toward each other
•(force that pulls objects straight down toward the center of the Earth)
Law of Gravitation
• The law of universal gravitation states that the force of gravity acts
between all objects in the universe that have mass.
• So, any two objects in the universe that have mass attract each other.
• For example:
• you and your pencil are attracted to each other. However, you do not
notice the attraction between such small objects as you and your
pencil because these forces are extremely small compared to the force
of Earth’s attraction. You observe only the effects of the strongest
gravitational forces.
Factors that Affect Gravity pg. 333
• Gravity acts everywhere in the universe (not just on Earth)
•
i.e.
• Skydivers fall to the ground
• Moon orbiting around Earth
• Keeps all planets orbiting around the sun
•Law of Universal Gravitation--- The scientific law that states
that every object in the universe attracts every other object.
•Any 2 objects that have mass (how much matter is in an object) attract each
other.
SC.6.P.13.2 Explore the Law of Gravity by recognizing that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object
and that the force depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are.
Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
2 factors affect the gravitational
attraction between objects:
mass and distance
-The more mass an object has,
the greater its gravitational force.
-The shorter the distance is between two
objects, the stronger the gravitational force
between the objects.
SC.6.P.13.3 Investigate and describe that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed, or direction of
motion, or both.
 Often more than one force acts on an object at the same time.
 The combination of all the forces on an object is called the net force. It determines if and
how an object will accelerate.
 If all the forces acting on an object are balanced, the object’s motion will not change.
 When the sum of all forces acting on an object is unbalanced, the object’s motion will
change.