Download Ch 1 - Duluth High School

Definition
Forensic Science is the application of
science to those criminal and civil laws
that are enforced by police agencies in
a criminal justice system.
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Forensic Science
• Includes the business of providing timely,
accurate, and thorough information to all levels of
decision makers in our criminal justice system.
• The word forensic is derived from the Latin
“forensis” meaning forum, a public place where,
in Roman times, senators and others debated
and held judicial proceedings.
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Criminalistics vs Criminology
• Criminalistics is the scientific examination
of physical evidence for legal purposes.
• Criminology includes the psychological
angle, studying the crime scene for
motive, traits, and behavior that will help to
interpret the evidence.
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Scope of Forensic Science
In the crime lab the principles and
techniques of the physical and
natural sciences are practiced and
applied to the analysis of crimescene evidence.
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Archimedes
• May have been first forensic scientist
when he determined that King Heron’s
gold crown was not pure gold.
• How did he accomplish this?
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Sherlock Holmes
1880’s
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates first Fictional
Forensic Science character.
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Mathieu Orfila
1814
Father of forensic
toxicology, published the
first scientific treatise on
the detection of poisons
and their affects on
animals.
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Alphonse Bertillon
1879
Devised the first scientific system of
personal identification through
anthropometry, series of body
measurements (later replaced by
fingerprinting in 1900s).
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Francis Galton
Undertook the first definitive study of
fingerprints and developed
methodology of classifying them for
filing. Published Finger Prints in 1892.
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Scotland Yard
• 1894
• Add fingerprints to the
Bertillon System
• Not without humor:
• Scotland Yard's crime database is called Home Office
Large Major Enquiry System, and the acronym is
HOLMES. The training program is called "Elementary“.
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Leone Lattes 1915
Designed a simple procedure
for determining the blood
types A, B, and AB.
Calvin Goddard 1950
Refined the technique of
comparing bullets using a
comparison microscope.
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Albert S. Osborne
1910
Developed the fundamental
principles of document
examination. Also
authored the book,
Questioned Documents.
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Hans Gross
1893
Wrote the first treatise describing
the application of scientific
disciplines to the criminal
investigation.
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1910 Edmond Locard
Developed a crime lab in
Lyons, France, using
Hans Gross’ principles.
This is considered the first
workable crime lab.
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• 1923 – First Crime Lab Opens in the
United States (Los Angeles)
• 1929 – 2nd Crime Lab established at
Northwestern University
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Director of the FBI
J. Edgar Hoover
1932
Establishes and trains staff of the Federal Crime
Lab
Goal to create an efficiently run, professional law
enforcement agency
First week lab was opened – handled 20 cases
Today they handle 1000’s of cases each week and
have over 80 million fingerprints on file.
He also founded the National Police Academy
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There are approximately 320 public
crime labs operating at various
levels of government.
Despite all the new technological
developments, basic police work still
depends on careful observation, careful
questioning, detailed collection of
evidence, critical thinking and problem
solving.
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Reasons for the rapid growth of
crime labs during the last 25 years:
•Supreme Court decisions in the 1960’s
•Staggering increase in crime rates in the
US.
•Introduction of DNA profiling.
•Increase in drug related arrests – single
most important factor in the US is drug
analysis.
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Organization of the Crime Lab
Four major federal crime labs
FBI
ATF
DEA
USPIS
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The FB I maintains the
largest crime lab in the world.
Its expertise and technology
support its broad investigative
powers.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Physical Science Unit
Applies principles and techniques of
chemistry, physics and geology for
identification and comparison of crime
scene evidence.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Biology Unit
Identification and DNA
profiling of dried blood
stains and other bodily
fluids; comparison of hair
and fibers and other
botanical materials.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Firearms Unit
Examination of firearms, discharged
bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells
and ammunition of all types.
Also detect firearm discharge
on garments and other objects.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Document Examination Unit
Study of handwriting and typewriting to
ascertain authenticity and/or source.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Photography Unit
Examine and record
physical evidence
using digital imaging,
infrared, ultraviolet
and x-ray photography.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Toxicology Unit
Examination of body fluids and organs to
determine the presence or absence of
drugs and poisons.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Fingerprint Unit
Processing and examining evidence for
fingerprints.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Polygraph Unit
The lie detector has become an essential
tool to the criminal investigator.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Voiceprint Analysis Unit
A sound spectrograph transforms speech
into visual graphic display called a
voiceprint.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Trace Evidence Unit
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Services of the Crime Lab
Impressions and Tool Marks
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Services of the Crime Lab
Evidence Collection Unit
Trained personnel are
dispatched to the crime
scene to preserve and
collect evidence.
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Services of the Crime Lab
Arson Investigation
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Forensic Science Specialists
Forensic Pathologist
Performs autopsy to establish cause of
death being:
natural
homicide
suicide
accident
undetermined.
Also known as the Medical Examiner or Coroner.
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Forensic Science Services
Forensic Psychiatry
Evaluation of behavioral disorder and to
determine whether a person is competent
in civil and criminal cases.
Examines behavioral patterns of
criminals as an aide in developing a
suspect’s profile.
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Forensic Science Services
Forensic Odontology
Provide identification of
victims through characteristics
of teeth, alignment, and mouth
structure when compared to dental records.
Also does Bite Mark Analysis.
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Forensic Science Services
Forensic Entomologist
Study of insects and their relation to a
criminal investigation.
Can estimate time of death – since blow
flies are the first to infest the body.
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Forensic Science Services
Forensic Anthropologist
Identifies and examines the human
skeletal remains to determine:
Origin, Sex, Race, Age, and Injury
Also
creates Facial Reconstructions.
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Forensic Science Services
Forensic Engineering
Accident
Reconstruction
Failure Analysis
Causes of Fire and
Explosions
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End of Chapter 1
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