* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to Forensic Science
Survey
Document related concepts
Forensic dentistry wikipedia , lookup
Criminology wikipedia , lookup
Murder of Tammy Alexander wikipedia , lookup
Forensic facial reconstruction wikipedia , lookup
Tirath Das Dogra wikipedia , lookup
Contaminated evidence wikipedia , lookup
Forensic firearm examination wikipedia , lookup
Forensic epidemiology wikipedia , lookup
Digital forensics wikipedia , lookup
Forensic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Forensic anthropology wikipedia , lookup
Forensic accountant wikipedia , lookup
Forensic entomology and the law wikipedia , lookup
Forensic entomology wikipedia , lookup
Forensic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Introduction to Forensic Science Chapter 1 CSI effect video CSI effect article What is Forensic Science? Definition Physical vs. Natural? Application of science to the law (both criminal and civil laws) Physical – deals with non-living Natural (biological) – deals with living Forensics? Criminalistics? Synonym to forensics Technically – more descriptive for describing the services of a crime lab Basic Services of a Crime Lab Physical Science Unit Biology Firearms Al Capone – 1929 – St.Valentine’s Day Massacre Document Examination Dr. Josef Mengele – Brazil/Germany – 1992 The Hitler Diaries – Germany - 1983 Photography Optional Services of a Crime Lab Toxicology Caroline Grills – Australia - 1948 Fingerprints Thomas Jennings – US - 1910 Polygraph Voiceprint Crime Scene Investigation Outside Services Pathology Anthropology Entomology The Ken and Barbie Murders – 1991 http://huffmanconklin.blogspot.com/2011/08/and-dead-shallspeak-video.html Psychiatry John Wayne Gacy – 1978 The Hillside Stranglers - 1978 Odontology Ted Bundy – 1978 Outside Services Engineering Timothy McVeigh – the OK bombing – 1995 http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/mcveigh/d awning_1.html Computer and Digital Analysis History of Forensic Science Many people believe that Arthur Conan Doyle was the first to popularize forensic science with his Sherlock Holmes novels. The first, A Study in Scarlet, was published in 1887. Historical Pioneers Handout!! Mathieu Orfila Spanish born but did work in France Father of modern toxicology Published book on poisons in 1814 Historical Pioneers Alphonse Bertillon 1st personal ID method Anthropometry – measure bones Anthropometry The Bertillon system relied on a detailed description and measurement of the subject. Eleven measurements were necessary. These included height, reach, width of head, and length of foot. Anthropometry The down fall of Anthropometry occurred in 1903 at Leavenworth Federal Prison. A prisoner named Will West was brought to the prison and had his measurements taken. His measurements matched a prisoner already in the prison named William West. Despite the system there was no way to tell the two apart. The only noticeable difference between the two men was their fingerprints. Thus the Anthropometry was abandoned and the fingerprint (Henry) system was adopted. Will West William West Historical Pioneers Francis Galton British Scientist 1892 published the book “Finger Prints” Contained the 1st statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of fingerprints. Laid the foundation of modern fingerprints. Historical Pioneers Leone Lattes Italian Scientist Blood type (A,B,O) of dried bloodstains – 1915 Historical Pioneers Calvin Goddard Comparison scope Firearm ID expert Matched bullet to gun Helped establish FBI crime lab in 1932 Historical Pioneers Albert S. Osborn Development of the fundamental principles of document analysis Walter C. McCrone Utilized microscopy to examine evidence in criminal and civil cases Historical Pioneers Hans Gross Lawyer and Judge in Austria 1st real life forensic scientist Methods of scientific investigation Karl Landsteiner Austrian who immigrated to the U.S. Discovered that human blood could be grouped and devised the ABO blood groups – won a Nobel Prize in 1930 Historical Pioneers Edmond Locard The “Sherlock Holmes” of France 1910 set up the first Forensic Lab in Lyons, France Formulated the basic principle of forensic science: “Locard’s Exchange Principle” Cross-transfer of evidence occurs when a criminal comes in contact with an object or a person Basis of forensic investigation Led to trace evidence Historical Pioneers J.Edgar Hoover Director of FBI (1924-1972) Professionalized the organization August Vollmer Created 1st forensic lab in US LA - 1923 Historical Pioneers Dealing with Evidence CD Activity Assessment Historic Timeline http://www.forensicdna.com/Timeline020 702.pdf http://www.trutv.com/shows/forensic_file s/timeline.html Crime Labs National (federal) Level FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation Originated around 1908-1910 during presidency of Theodore Roosevelt The world’s largest crime lab Crime Labs National (federal) Level DEA Drug Enforcement Administration Developed in 1973 Why? To enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the US Crime Labs National (federal) Level ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Law enforcement organization dedicated to reducing violent crime and protecting the public Enforces laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives, and arson Crime Labs National (federal) Level US Postal Service Protect the US mail Crime Labs State Level PA state police crime labs Bethlehem, Erie, Greensburg, Harrisburg, Lima, Wyoming, DNA Division PSP Forensic Services ASCLD (American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors) accredited labs: http://www.ascld-lab.org/accreditedlabs.html#pa Crime Labs Local Provides services to county and municipal agencies Financed by local government Individual police departments Autopsy Coroner Investigates the facts surrounding death County elected or appointed position Medical Examiner (ME) Physician – with degree typically in forensic pathology – licensed to practice medicine Performs autopsy May also be coroner but does not have to be Autopsy Duties of a ME Determine cause and manner of death Establish identity of unknown corpses Determine time window of death Supervise collection of evidence Correlate wounds with weapons Certify or sign death certificate Testify in court Autopsy Cause of death Main reason individual died Examples – heart attack, gunshot wound Mechanism of death Physiological change that caused life to stop Examples – Exsanguination (bleeding to death), asphyxia (stoppage of breathing), sepsis (infection of blood stream) Manner of death Root cause of the sequence of events that lead to death Manners of Death Five manners of death Natural Accidental By dead person’s own hand Drug OD, GSW Homicidal Unplanned or unforeseeable sequence of events Examples – car accident, fall Suicidal Workings of Mother Nature; Largest category Examples – heart attack, stroke, cancer By hand of someone else Undetermined Cannot accurately determine category Manners of Death Several manners can be associated with one cause of death!!! Gunshot wound could be accidental, suicidal, or homicidal! Forensic Autopsy Performed to determine manner, cause, and mechanism of death Who gets autopsied? Depends!! See website. Recommendations: Violent Traumatic Unusual - suspicious Sudden and unexpected Employment related Prison/psychiatric inmates Threat to human health Science, Technology The Real CSI http://www.deathreference.com/A-Bi/Autopsy.html Forensic Autopsy Four Basic Steps: Determine Time of Death External Exam Internal Exam Autopsy Report Forensic Autopsy Step One: Determine Time of Death Rigor Mortis Shortening of muscle tissue and then the stiffening of body parts Manifests in first 24 hours and disappears within 36 hours If the body feels: Warm and not stiff: Not dead more than three hours Warm and stiff: Dead between 3 and 8 hours Cold and stiff: Dead between 8 and 36 hours Cold and not stiff: Dead more than 36 hours Livor Mortis Settling of blood in areas closest to ground Skin appears dark blue or purple Begins immediately and continues for up to 12 hours after death Determining if body position has been changed Forensic Autopsy Step One: Determine Time of Death Algor Mortis Loss of body heat Estimates time of death Body will lose 1-1 ½ ° per hour until body reaches environmental temp State of Decomposition Dealing with Evidence CD Potassium Levels In ocular fluid Amounts can determine time of death Forensic Autopsy Step Two: External Exam External exam Basics Height, weight Age, sex, race, hair/eye color Photograph Both clothed and unclothed Frontal and profile Scars, birthmarks, tattoo Forensic Autopsy Step Two: External Exam External exam Check clothing Trace evidence Damaged clothing correlate to weapons? Removed and sent to lab Forensic Autopsy Step Two: External Exam External exam Exam injuries Lacerations and contusions Stab wounds Lacerations – cuts and slices Contusions – bruises Defensive wounds – scattered; defending body Photograph and measure – search for weapon fragments Width, thickness, depth of each Hesitation wounds – accompany suicide attempts GSW Measure entry wounds Forensic Autopsy Step Three: Internal Exam Internal Exam Dissect body using “Y” incision Remove heart and lungs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/me dia/autopsy/index.html Removed as one unit Examine abdomen Each organ weighed and examined Tissue samples taken for microscopic examination Forensic Autopsy Step Three: Internal Exam Internal Exam Collect samples Stomach – toxicology (may reveal drug use) Ocular fluid - toxicology Bile (gall bladder) – toxicology Urine Liver tissue Hair – heavy metals (poison) Blood Forensic Autopsy Step Three: Internal Exam Internal Exam Assess head and brain Head trauma? Open skull Examine brain in place Then remove for thorough inspection http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/media /autopsy/index.html Return organs and suture Baseball stitch Release body to family for burial Forensic Autopsy Step Four: Autopsy Report Autopsy Report Legal Includes: Description of body Description of injuries Description of any illness Description of internal exam (detailed) Results of all lab tests Pathologist’s opinion