Download Rise of the Atlantic world

Chapter 2
Beginnings of European Exploration

Dynamics for Expansion
 Cultural
○ Renaissance
 Economic
○ Desire to break from Italian
monopolies
○ Mercantilism / capitalism
expanding
 Change
○ Catholic church
 diminishing
○ Creation of nation states
○ Technological advances
 Compass
 Stern rudders
○ Desire for goods
African Peoples

Changes in Africa

 Productive Trans-Saharan
 Kinship
trade established
 West Africa wealthy
○ Strong extended families
 Farmers
○ Demand for Gold increasing
○ Intensive cultivation
○ More involvement from
 Religion
Europeans

West Africans
○ Animistic spiritual truth
 Art
Leading Powers
○ Moralistic tales
 Mali
○ Music, ritual dances
○ Salt / gold trade
○ Timbuktu
○ Muslim
 Songhai
○ Succeeded Mali Empire

Why is it important??
Portugal and the Atlantic

1440-1600
 Leads the shift of power from
Mediterranean
 Establishes direct contact
with resources (West Africa)
 Prince Henry the Navigator
(mid-1400s)
○ Supported by merchants to
find a direct route
○ Encouraged mapping of
African coast
○ Leads to Dias/ Gama/ Cabral
○ Create direct link between
West Africans and Europeans
 Slavery
○ Pre-established in Africa
 Indebtedness within the
tribe/community
 Traded through Middle
Eastern/ Saharan trade
○ Portuguese build outpost in
West Africa
 Enticed by wealth of
slavery
 Negative Consequences:
- Redraws political map of
Africa
- Introduction of guns/arms
- Leads to eventual
population demise
- Dehumanization, slaves
“property”
- Slave-labor plantation
- Replace Indians with
W. Africans
- Sugar plantations =
birth of European
Colonial System
• Heart of Atlantic
Economy

Explorer’s
 Columbus
○ Initiates exploration of “new world”
○ Results in Treaty of Tordesillas (1493)
between Spain and Portugal (demarcation
line)
 Drawn by the Pope
○ Enslaves Hispaniola, creates encomiendas
system
 First Spanish Settlement
 Cortes
○ Lands with Troops on Mexican coast,
Stunned by wealth and size of Tenochtitlan
○ Aztecs peaceful, Cortes NOT
○ Smallpox annihilates native population
 Pizarro
○ Same as Cortes but in South America/ Incas

Consequences
 Spain claims: Cuba, several Caribbean
islands, Mexico, SW America, South America
(mainly West of Demarcation line)
 Massive amounts of wealth from Gold/Silver
 Mercantilist policies
○ Natives have little or no power, mixing of
racial groups, slave- labor (plantations)
 Devastating Effect on natives, conversion to
Catholicism)
Spain’s Exploratio
Columbian Exchange

To America

To Europe/Asia
 Disease
 Corn, types of beans
 Sheep, horse, cattle
 White/ Sweet potatoes
 Swine, chickens
 Manioc, tomatoes
 Wheat, grains
 Pumpkins, squash
 Coffee, sugarcane
 Peanuts
 Fruits, garden vegetables
 Vanilla, cacao
 Weeds, insects rodents
 Avocados, pineapples
 From Africa: rice, yams
 Chilies, tobacco, turkeys
○ Not all were easily accepted
1.
Consequences:
Europe weeds change physical environment
-deprives natives of food source
-settlers exhaust the soil
2. Mixing of peoples
3. SUGAR
France’s Exploration
Pre-Occupied with conflict
with England and issues with
Protestant Huguenots
 1524
 Verrazano tries to find
Northwest Passage through
new continent
 Cartier continues mission

 1534- 1542
 Sails down St. Lawrence River

England’s Exploration

Claims
 Canada, Northern US, and
parts of Mississippi River

Pre-Occupied with
break from Catholic
church
Henry VII ignores
Treaty of Tordesillas
 Sends John Cabot 1497
 Reaches Newfoundland,
Canada
 Claims conflict with
Part II
Settlements
 Interaction with
Natives

Spanish Explorations

Explorers
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa
 Isthmus of Panama
 Ferdinand Magellan
 Circumnavigation of

 Florida
 1565, St. Augustine
 Ponce de Leon
 New Mexico
the
 1609, Santa Fe
world
 Texas
 Hernan Cortes
 Mexico
 Francisco Pissarro
 Early 1700s
 California
 San Diego 1769
 San Francisco 1776
 Peru
 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
 Flordia, Texas, New Mexico
 Alienated Natives
 De Soto
 Mississippi River, SE
 Coronado
 Grand Canyon
 California, SW
Settlements in North America

Treatment of Native
Americans
 Died due to enslavement and
disease
 Incorporated natives in highly
organized empire
 Rigid class system develops
 Pure bloods = top of hierarchy
Other Claims

French
 Explorers
 Verrazano, 1524
 East Coast of North America

Cartier, 1534-1542
 St. Lawrence River
 1st attempt at colonizing unsuccessful

 Hudson River, NY

Ft. Nassau (Albany) 1614
 Settlements

Le Salle, 1682
 Mississippi/Louisiana
 1926 Alliance w/ Iroquois
 Settlements
 Quebec, 1608
 Fortified village

Dutch
 Explorers
 Henry Hudson, 1609
New Amsterdam
 NY
 Controlled by Dutch West
India Company
Champlain, 1608
 Quebec, Canada
 Father of “New France”


Treatment of Natives
 Maintained relatively good relations
 Partnership with Huron/ fur trade
 French posed little threat to natives
 Few colonists, farms or towns
A.
B.
Battle of Lake
Champlain
Beaver Wars
Iroquois
Confederacy
B. Hurons
A.
C.
French Jesuits
English Claims

Explorers
 John Cabot, 1497
 Newfoundland

Spanish/English Issues
 Exploration on hold
 Issues with Henry VIII
 Spanish/Armada
 Sir Francis Drake/ Sea Dogs

Treatment on Natives
 Initially (Mass) tried to coexist
 Shared ideas, crops
 Eventual warfare
 No respect for Natives
 Called them “savages”
 Took land to support growing
population

Early English
Settlements
 Humphrey Gilbert
 Failed Newfoundland
colony
 Roanoke
 Sir Walter Raleigh, 1587
 NC Coast
 Unsuccessful
 “Croatan”
 Important Changes
 Preparedness important
 Grown own food
 Self-financing
 Joint-stock companies
Jamestown
 James Fort, 1607
 James I chartered
 Virginia Company 1607
 *of London
 In search of Gold and Northwest
Passage
 Fear of Spanish, failed attempt
 Problems
 Arrival
 Took extra month
 Bad location
 No freshwater
 Survival
 Slackers, John Smith
 “hell on earth”
- murder?
- Cannibalism?
- Starvation and disease
 High death rate
 -Fraud
 Native Relations
 “they will work for trinkets, if not
gunpowder will force them”
 13000 natives under Powhatan
 prophecy
 Protection
 Built fort in 19 days, 600 trees
 “Starving Time”
 3rd year
 7 out of 10 settlers die
 Tobacco
 John Rolfe
 Financial prosperity
 “Headright “system
 - 50 acres for each person who
paid
 -Indentured servants
 Leads to plantation/ need for labor =
slave trade
 Royal Colony
 Virginia Company bankrupt
 Charter revoked, now Virginia under
James I
Later English Settlements

Motivation

 Economic gain
 Religious freedom/ escape political
 Settled by Separatists
 Pilgrims
 Virginia Company of London
persecution

Plymouth Colony

Puritan Colonies
Gives patent to Thomas Weston
 Mayflower, 1620
 102 people
 Half separatists
 Hardships
 Survival
 “1st Thanksgiving”
 Two colonies
 Settled by Protestants influenced
by John Calvin
 Wanted to “purify” the church


Squanto
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629
 More Puritans
 Massachusetts Bay Company
 Led by John Winthrop
 Civil War in England (1630s) leads
to Great Migration
 Given royal charter
Early Political Institutions

Plymouth
 Mayflower Compact 1620
 1st representative government in America
 Represented colonial self-government
 Early form of written constitution
 Established powers and duties of government

Jamestown
 Representative government
 Same rights as in England
 House of Burgesses, 1619




1st representative legislature in America
Burgess = is a person invested with all the
privileges of a citizen
Required approval of Company of London
Massachusetts
 Representative
 Limited Democracy
 All free-men, members of Puritan Church, could
elect positions in Colonies
 Elected governor, his assistants, and
representative assembly
 Women and landless had limited or no rights
 Colonial rulers autocratic (unlimited power)

Only had to answer to king
By 1614:
Spain, England,
France,
Netherlands all had
territory or colonies
established
 Only possible due
to ravaging of native
population
