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HOLT Chapter 2 CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION (1350–1550) Section 1: Europeans Set Sail Section 2: Voyages to the Americas Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Europeans Set Sail HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES How did the Commercial Revolution and the Renaissance change Europe? Why did western Europeans want to find a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia? How did Portugal’s early explorations affect Africans? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Europeans Set Sail HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance Change Europe Merchants became more aggressive about making a profit. Cities grew rich from trade. Banks were created. Joint stock companies were formed. joint-stock companies – businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Europeans Set Sail (continued) HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance Change Europe There was a rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press spread the science and literature of the Renaissance. New technological advances led to exploration. 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Europeans Set Sail HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Trade with Africa and Asia Western Europeans wanted to find a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia… to earn more money to ensure that they could get trade goods to learn about other cultures 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Europeans Set Sail HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Portuguese exploration of Africa led to: establishment of trading posts to supply port ships development of relationships with local rulers and merchants for gold, ivory, and slaves warfare among kingdoms of West Africa break up of West African families 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 2: Voyages to the Americas HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES What was Christopher Columbus’s goal? What did Columbus do on his explorations in the Americas? How did Portugal react to new of Columbus’s discoveries? 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 2: Voyages to the Americas HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Columbus’s Bold Idea To reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic To reach the Indies so Spain could better compete with Portugal 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 2: Voyages to the Americas HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Columbus’s First Exploration Searched for riches Explored islands 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 2: Voyages to the Americas HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Europe Learns of Columbus’s Voyage King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella become excited Columbus receives appointment of admiral and governor 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES Where did Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvars Cabral explore, and what was the result of these voyages for Portugal? What did John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci achieve? Why was Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage important? 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvars Cabral Vasco da Gama explored India and Pedro Alvars Cabral explored South America. The Portuguese made claims in India and Brazil. 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci John Cabot discovered North America giving England a claim in North America. Amerigo Vespucci reached South America in 1501 and America is named in his honor. 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Sailing around the Globe Ferdinand Magellan finds a western route to Asia in 1519. Magellan finds a passageway at the southern tip of South America which became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES How did new trade routes affect Portugal and Spain? How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europeans and American Indians? Why were some countries searching for a Northwest Passage? 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 A Shift in Trade Spain and Portugal made greater profits. Spain established an outpost in the Philippines to trade with China. Spain and Portugal gained influence in European affairs. Trade creates an outlet for wealth and resources. 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Columbian Exchange Europeans – helped Europeans because they obtained new crops and animals American Indians – also helped American Indians obtain new crops and animals; harmed American Indians, however, because they were killed by European diseases 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Search for a Northwest Passage Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Increased European interest in North America 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON