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Chapter 2 The Rise of Greek Civilization Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to About 1150 B.C.E. The Minoans Arose in 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C.E. on Crete Built large elaborate palaces found at various sites, with the most important being Cnossos • Storage rooms, living quarters, workshops, bathrooms with plumbing • Absence of strong defensive walls—competing explanations Two different linear scripts: Hieroglyphics, Linear A, Linear B (early form of Greek) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Mycenaeans Helladic Period: ca. 3000–1100 B.C.E. Centered on Mycenae Spoke a non-Indo-European language (thus not related to Greek) A warrior people: fortified cities, weapons, murals depicting war Height of power: 1400–1200 B.C.E. Disappeared by 1100 B.C.E.—competing explanations (Dorian invasion) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. (Hellenic Greece: from Bronze Age to Alexander the Great, ca. 1100–300 B.C.E.) Greek “Middle Ages,” ca. 1100–750 B.C.E Greek-speaking peoples had infiltrated mainland Greece during middle and late Mycenaean period, then spread to Aegean islands and coast of Asia Minor Writing disappeared after fall of Mycenae, reappearing ca. 750 B.C.E. Major source of information for this period is Homer’s epic poems • Iliad • Odyssey Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Homeric Society Kings rule in consultation with nobles Hierarchical society: nobles and everyone else • • • • Nobles Thetes (small farmers) Landless laborers Slaves Values: strength, courage, honor, reputation; arete The role of women was chiefly to bear and raise children – beauty, constancy, and skill at weaving were the most prized qualities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Polis (pl. poleis) Foundation of Greek life Independent “city-states,” though not necessarily cities Firmly established by 750 B.C.E. Thought of as community of relatives; citizens theoretically descended from a common ancestor Originally an elevated area to which local farmers could retreat in case of attack (e.g. Acropolis in Athens) Agora—marketplace and civic center Replaced true monarchy with aristocratic republics Greek writing system emerged around 750 B.C.E. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Hoplite Phalanx Military technique crucial to development of the polis End of 8th c. B.C.E. Hoplite: heavily armed infantryman; spear and large shield Phalanx: body of hoplite formed in close ranks about eight deep Depended on discipline, strength, and courage of individuals working together Usually either victory or rout; kept wars short and simple Typical hoplite battle: neighboring poleis fighting over land Dominant military force in eastern Mediterranean until defeat by Roman legion Polis represented order, peace, prosperity, honor, and was the molder of Greek citizens Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Greek Expansion, 8th–6th c. B.C.E. Poleis established from Spain to Black Sea Macedonia, southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, southern France, NE Mediterranean coasts, Black Sea, eastern North African coast Magna Graecia (“Great Greece”)—called by Romans Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Greek Colony Greeks were driven by overpopulation, hunger for land Relationship between colony and sponsoring polis: No formal ties—colony was for benefit of colonists Shared common culture Often maintained trade relations, mutual defense agreements Exposure to other cultures fostered Greek cultural identity Panhellenic (“all-Greek”) spirit Colonization encouraged industry and trade Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Tyrants, ca. 700–500 B.C.E. Tensions between nobles and commercially successful non-nobles lead in some poleis to rise of tyrants Definition: a monarch who gained power in an unorthodox way and exercised strong one-man rule—often in a constructive and popular way Usually a disgruntled aristocrat backed by hoplites, supported by politically powerless new rich and small farmers Popular public improvement projects: water/sewer upgrades, stronger city walls, new marketplaces and temples Last tyrants: cruel, repressive, universally hated Ultimately incompatible with the idea of the polis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Sparta Location: Peloponnesus Conquered neighbors and made them serfs, or Helots Spartan society remade into permanent military establishment, ca. 650 B.C.E. Individual controlled from birth At 7, boys enrolled in full-time military/athletic instruction At 20, enrolled in army Full citizenship at 30 Military service required until 60 Girls: gymnastic training, taught like boys to serve the state Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Sparta (cont.) Government: elements of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy Two kings Council of elders (28 men over age 60) Assembly (all males over 30) Ephors (5 men elected annually by elders) Peloponnesian League In place by 500 B.C.E., led by Sparta Alliances extracted from all but one Peloponnesian state Made Sparta the most powerful polis in Hellenic history Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Athens Location: Attica Government: typical aristocratic polis 4 tribes, several clans and brotherhoods (phratries) Areopagus—council of nobles (held true power) 9 archons—magistrates Assembly Law code of Draco, 621 B.C.E.—first written law in Athens Agricultural crisis of 7th century: many small farmers fall into debt slavery Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Athenian Rulers Solon Elected sole archon, 594 B.C.E. Agricultural, economic reforms Constitutional changes: • Citizenship expanded • Citizens divided into classes based on wealth • “Council of 400” Pisistratus the Tyrant First Athenian tyrant, remembered as mild and popular Sought to empower central government at expense of nobles Unintentionally fostered Athenians’ taste for self-government Son Hippias less popular, deposed by Spartans Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Athenian Rulers (cont.) Clisthenes “Founder of Democracy” Furthered reforms of Solon & Pisistratus: increased citizen rolls, decreased power of aristocracy Deme—basic political unit Council of 500 Role of assembly elevated Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Hellenic Society Farmers Depicted by poet Hesiod (ca. 700 B.C.E.) Grew barley, wheat, grapes, olives, vegetables, some fruit Lives of constant toil Aristocrats Lands worked by laborers, sharecroppers, or slaves Symposium: center of social life; drinking party with song, poetry, philosophical disputation Athletic contests: foot races, long jump, discus, javelin, boxing, wrestling, chariot racing Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Greek Religion Polytheistic Olympian gods: 12 on Mount Olympus Zeus, father of the gods Hera, wife of Zeus Poseidon, god of seas & earthquakes Hestia, earth goddess Demeter, goddess of agriculture & marriage Aphrodite, goddess of love & beauty Apollo, god of sun, music, poetry, prophecy Ares, god of war Artemis, goddess of the moon & the hunt Athena, goddess of wisdom & the arts Hephaestus, god of fire & metallurgy Hermes, messenger of the gods Seen as behaving much like humans Each polis had one Olympian as guardian deity Numerous lesser deities worshipped at local shrines The cult of Dionysus embraced drunkenness and sexual abandon The Orphic cult believed in the transmigration of souls Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Poetry The lyric style predominated The agony of love was the most popular theme Theognis of Megara was a poet who believed that those born base could never become noble Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Persian Wars Ionian Rebellion, 499 B.C.E. Ionia: west coast of Asia Minor, controlled by Persia Ionian Greeks supported by Athenians The Ionians could not maintain a sustained rebellion and were defeated in 495 B.C.E. by the Persians Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The War in Greece Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E. Persian expedition against Athens soundly defeated The Great Invasion, 480–479 B.C.E. Persians under Xerxes vs. Sparta, Athens, & allies (Greek League) Athenian navy was the largest and would make a difference in the ability of the Greek League to defeat the Persians Battles of Thermopylae, Salamis Persians suffered a crushing defeat at Plataea, temporarily ending the war in 479 B.C.E. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.