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404 BC End of Second Peloponnesian War.
Brief period of oligarchic rule at Athens,
followed by restoration of democracy and
legal reforms
Sparta becomes leading power in Greece but
alienates other states, fights with Persia.
Athens re-asserts influence
386 BC “King’s Peace”
378 BC Botched Spartan attack
on Athens. Formation of
Second Athenian League
between Athens and Thebes,
joined by some 70 states
371 BC Thebans defeat Spartans
at Leuktra
368 BC Alliance of Athens with Sparta
362 BC Peace made
355 BC Final collapse of Second Athenian
League
Philip II of Macedon/Macedonia
(r. 359-336 BC)
357 BC Philip takes Amphipolis. Goes on to
take Thessaly, Thrace and Khalkidike
348 BC Philip takes Olynthus and Athenian
hostages
346 BC Philip makes peace with Athens.
Comes south and takes control of Delphi
340 BC Athens declares war on Philip. Allies
with Thebes and Boiotia
338 BC Philip defeats allies at Chaironeia
337 BC Formation of League of Corinth
336 BC Death of Philip. Succeeded by
Alexander, who asserts authority, then
campaigns across Persia
Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC)
323 Death of Alexander at Babylon. Greek
cities rebel against Macedon
322 Antipater defeats Greeks at Krannon.
Macedonian garrison installed near
Athens, with city’s democracy abolished
Antigonids
Ptolemies
Seleukids/Seleucids
Hellenistic kingdoms; end of the era of
independent city-states
Expansion of trade
Mixing of populations; koiné Greek as
common language
The individual:
Breakdown of city-state as source of
identity
In philosophy; e.g. Epicureanism, Stoicism
Growth of popularity of mystery religions
Popularisation of clubs, etc.
Menander (c. 342 BC-c. 292 BC)
Euclid (b. c. 300 BC)
Archimedes (d. 212 or 211 BC)
Aristarchos (c. 310-c. 230 BC)
Eratosthenes (c. 276-c. 194 BC)
Plutarch (46?-c. 120 AD)
Greek essayist and biographer from Chaironeia
Travelled, eventually became priest at Delphi
Various works incl. The Parallel Lives
Questions of agenda
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus,
c. 87-after 145 AD)
Greek, but Roman citizen. Class-mate of
future emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138 AD)
Worked up political ranks, eventually
senator, consul (129 or 130 AD),
provincial governor (130-137 AD)
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus,
c. 87-after 145 AD)
Retired to Athens
Many works on philosophy, topography,
ethnography, military topics, history
Anabasis