Download Greece - Barrington 220

Ancient Greece
Unit 5
The Environment
MOUNTAINS
• Small
mountainous
peninsula
about the size
of Louisiana
• Mountains
isolated Greek
communities
CLIMATE
•Mild climate
• Warm and Dry
Summers
•Heavy rain during
winter months
•Mountain areas snow.
SEA
• Water. Water.
Water.
• Aegean Sea
• Ionian Sea
• Mediterranean
Sea
• Sea of Crete
Mt. Olympus 
Troy
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Athens
Sparta
Crete
First Greek City-State
Mycenae
Early Government
• Monarchy
People
• Warrior people
Major Leader
• King Agamemnon
Early Writings
• Epic Poems
• Long poem telling the deeds of a great
hero.
• The Iliad
• The story of Agamemnon possibly sacking
the city of Troy
• The Odyssey
• Struggle of husband’s journey
• Works by Homer
The Greek
Polis
“The Basics”
750 – 500 B.C.
Polis- People
a town in
or the
cityPolis
in Greece
Acropolisthe upper
fortified
• Adult males
(had political
part
of the city.
rights)
•
acropolis
was
• Below
Womenthe
and
Children
(No
the
agora.rights)
political
Agora- open place that usually
served as the market.
Athens, Greece
• Hoplites - heavily armed foot soldiers
who carried round shields, a short
sword, and a spear.
• Phalanx - the rectangular formation
created by the hoplites
• Trireme - Naval vessels with
tremendous speed used for ramming
other ships.
• Ballista - Device shooting
Projectiles-Crossbows etc.
• Greek Fire - Flame throwing
Device usually used on boats
• Biological warfareSulfur dioxide gas
Military in Greece
Colonization
• Many Greeks sought
better farmland and
avenues of trade.
• While away, new
colonies traded with
mainland Greece.
• The expansion of trade
created a new rich and
powerful group of
individuals.
Tyranny



• The newly rich wanted to have more
political power but couldn’t.
• This group became tyrants
• Tyrants seized power and used their
wealth to maintain it.
• The tyranny didn’t last, but left a
major impact on Greece.
• It opened the door for more people
to be involved in government
Colonization and Tyranny
Early Governments
Early Athens
• Monarchy  Oligarchy
 Democracy
Early Issues
• Sharecropping system
• Does it work?
• Leads to never-ending
cycle of debt…
• Leads to Revolt
• Greek leader, Solon,
clears land debt, but
didn’t take away land
from aristocrats…BIG
PROBLEM
EARLY ATHENIAN LEADERS
1)Solon – Clears land debt for the poor
2) Pisistratus –Takes land from rich nobles
3) Cleisthenes - Democracy
• New leader, Pisistratus
took away land from
the rich. What
happened?
• REVOLT by aristocrats
• Inequalities are
recognized by new
leader, Cleisthenes.
• His idea was to create a
council of 500 to have
equal representation of
the people. What does
this sound like?
• Cleisthenes had created
the early foundation of
democracy
•
•
•
•
ATHENS
Democracy (Rule by
many)
symbolized the desire
of freedom
SPARTA
Oligarchy (Rule by few)
symbolized the desire
of order
• Strong military citystate
• Numerous territories as
colonies.
• Used the conquered as
helots (peasant-slave
work force)
• Boys were taken from
their mothers to serve in
the military
• “Come home carrying
your shield or be
carried on it”
• Government was run by
two kings and five
Ephors.
• The Ephors were the
advisors to the king.
SPARTA
• When babies were born in ancient Sparta, Spartan soldiers would come
by the house and check the baby…If the baby did not appear healthy and
strong, the infant was taken away, and left to die on a hillside, or taken
away to be trained as a slave (a helot).
• At age 18, if a Sparta girl passed her skills and fitness test, she would be
assigned a husband and allowed to return home. If she failed, she would
lose her rights as a citizen
• In Sparta, citizen women were free to move around, and enjoyed a great
deal of freedom, as their husbands did not live at home.
SPARTA
“Nuggets”
• Legend has it that a
young Sparta boy once
stole a live fox,
planning to kill it and
eat it.
• He noticed some
Spartan soldiers
approaching, and hid
the fox beneath his
shirt.
• When confronted, to
avoid the punishment
he would receive if
caught stealing, he
allowed the fox to
chew into his stomach
rather than confess he
had stolen a fox, and
did not allow his face
or body to express his
pain… (Feel the Burn!)
• Educate the Citizens
• Drama, public speaking, government, art,
reading, writing, math, and music.
• Trade was very important to Athenians.
• Be familiar with Daily life in Athens and
Greek Drama
ATHENS
The Parthenon
• Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read outloud. Boys had to memorize everything. To help them learn, they
used writing tablets and rulers…And you think you have it rough!

• An Athenian by the name of Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to
Athens (a distance of 26 miles) to announce the Greek victory over
Darius. (Persian War) Today, the marathon race, comes from this
story.
ATHENS
Theater of Arts, Athens
“Nuggets”
“Adult” Athens
The Age of Pericles
PERSIAN THREAT
DELOS
•The
•
With
Feud
thewith
Persian
Persia
threat
(Darius-Xerxes)
in the Aegean
(*Movie)
subsided, many of the city states
•The
wanted
creation
to withdraw
of the Delian
fromLeague
the League.
(Resemblance?)
•City-states
werecontrolled
forced to pay
tribute League, money went to the rebuilding
• Since Athens
the Delian
•Greek
Empire is formed
of Athens
•Key
Battles:
The Battle
of Thermopylae
• Athens
became,
in short,
“The Powerhouse” of Greece
• This created jealousy between two of the major city states, Athens, and its
rival, Sparta.
ATHENS PLAN
• Remain behind
walls
• Navy would
supply Athens
and ward off
the Spartans
SPARTA PLAN
• Create a naval
blockade to
prevent
supplies from
entering the
walls
• Force Athenians
in open field
battles
The Peloponnesian War
(431 B.C.)
QW
• Pericles’
giftFUNERAL
of oration ORATION
was put to the test
THE
“Soduring
died these
menbattles
as became
You,
the epic
of theAthenians.
Peloponnesian
War,
a civil war
between
Athens
and as
Sparta.
their
survivors,
must
determine
to have
His speeches
inspiredinAthenians
fight you
to
unfaltering
a resolution
the field, to
though
become the number one power in Greece. In
may
pray that
may
have
a happier
issue.annual
And
February
ofit431
B.C.,
Athens
had their
notpublic
contented
withtoideas
only
from
funeral
honorderived
all those
who
died in
war.of
Pericles
was asked
to give
traditional
words
the advantages
which
arethe
bound
up
funeral
oration.
Rather
than
focus
his
speech
with the defense of your country, though these
on enumerating the conquests of Athens’
would
furnish
a valuable
text to aused
speaker
fallen
heroes,
Pericles instead
his even
before
an audience
alive
to glory
them of
as Athens
the
funeral
oration tosolaud
the
itself you
and must
inspire
the livingrealize
to make
the
present,
yourselves
thesure
power
soldiersand
hadfeed
not died
vain.
of Athens,
yourin
eyes
upon her from
•
Over
2,000
years
later,
Pericles’
day to day, till love of her fills yourfuneral
hearts; and
oration inspired Abraham Lincoln’s
then,
when all her
greatness
shall
break upon
“Gettysburg
Address.”
Like
Pericles,
Lincoln
you,
you
must reflect
it was
by courage,
was
a leader
duringthat
a time
of civil
war. Like
Pericles,
Lincoln
on exhorting
sense
of duty,
and a focused
keen feeling
of honorthe
in
living
to
live
their
lives
in
a
way
that
would
action that men were enabled to win all this,
make the sacrifice of fallen warriors
andworthwhile.
that no personal failure in an enterprise
could make them consent to deprive their
country of their valor, but they laid it at her feet
as the most glorious contribution that they
could offer.”
•Democracy flourished
under Pericles.
The Peloponnesian War
(431 B.C.)
• Sparta attacked Athens in 431B.C.
• 1/3 of the Athenians died shortly after the war began, but not
because they were defeated in battle! (?)
• When Sparta attacked, the Athenian people crowded behind the
walls of the city. The cramped and dirty living conditions were an
easy target for disease.
• A plague, or great sickness, spread through the city. Sickness
claimed the life of Pericles as well. Once Pericles died, the people
began to listen to demagogues.
• Demagogues were primarily “bad” or inept, leaders who appealed
to people’s emotions rather than logic.
• Sparta eventually defeated Athens by building blockade around
the walls of the city. This is called a siege.
• The people of Athens could not leave to get supplies or food from
the countryside.
• Faced with starvation, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404B.C. thus
ending the brutal 27-year-long Peloponnesian War.
The Peloponnesian
War
Lasting Effects
• Great thinkers
and teachers lived
in Athens during
and after the war.
However, the era
of support for new
ideas and the
spirit of
democracy had
passed.
• The war
weakened the
major Greek
states.
• Eventually, All
Greek citizens’
freedom will be
compromised.
Alexander the Great
HOW GREAT WAS ALEXANDER
THE GREAT?
*DBQ PROJECT
The Hellenistic Kingdom
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
“GREAT” Advancements
• The Spread of
•
Hellenistic Culture is a
byproduct of
Alexander’s conquests
• Greek language, art,
architecture, and
•
literature spread
throughout the Middle
East
• Created the New Age- •
Hellenistic Era- To
imitate Greeks
• Unlike the rest of the •
world however…
He envisioned a
world in which
mixed cultures
could live
together.
He married two
Persian
Princesses.
Many could not
handle the
“mixing.”
Racism and
ethnic
differences
created vast
hostilities
Alexander
the Great
Impacts
Sophists
• One cannot understand the
universe.
• Time must be spent on
improving themselves
• Stressed the importance
swaying an audience in
debate.
• No absolute right or wrongs
• Many believed the sophists
could be troublesome to
Greek society
*None of the Beatles knew how
to read music.
(Paul McCartney eventually
taught himself.)
The Greek Love
of Wisdom
Socrates
• Education is to improve the
lives of individuals
• Socratic Method- Question and
Answer format to see things for
themselves by using their own
reason.
• Taught individuals to challenge
ideas by thinking critically.
• He later will be tried and killed
for his actions
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
“True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.” –
Socrates
Developed the
Socratic Method:
learning about
beliefs and ideas
by asking
questions
Government put
him to death
The Republic
The Allegory of the
Cave
Believed one strong
and good leader
should rule
Author of the book,
Politics
Believed people
learned through
reason
Philosophy continued
Hellenistic Kingdom
Epicureanism
Stoicism
• Belief that human
beings were free
to follow self
interest as a basic
motivating force.
• Happiness was
the goal of life
• Freedom from
emotional turmoil
and worry
• Life was complete
when it was
centered on ideals
of friendship
• Life’s problems
could not disturb
a stoic.
• A stoic believes
that people
gained inner
peace by living in
harmony despite
hardships.
• Stoics were
considered to be
good citizens
because of their
high toleration.
• Which do you
think makes the
most sense?
The Power of Positive
• The Story of Usman
• Student’s Personal Account
Handout
Hellenistic
Culture & Science
Astronomy
Mathematics
• AristarchusTheory that the
sun is the center
of the universe.
• Eratosthenesdetermined that
Earth was
round.
Estimated 24,675
miles… an
estimate within
200 miles of the
actual figure!
• Archimedesgeometry,
spheres,
cylinders, pi,
and buoyancy.
• His intelligence
struck fear in
rival
civilizations!
Greek Timeline