Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Characteristics of Civilization • 1. Advance Cities: site of large volume trade • 2. Specialized workers (skilled in one type of work) • 3. Complex institutions (Gov’t, Law, Edu, Economy and Religion) • 4. Record keeping- Calendar, Merchants, Scribes • 5. Technology- Wheel, plow, metal, sail boat • (Irrigation=agricultural civilization) Maps of early Civs Maps of Early Civs Early civilization terms • • • • • Dynasty Cuneiform Fertile Crescent City-State Hammurabi’s Code Judaism • • • • • The Ancient Hebrews Monotheism and the Covenant with God Abraham & Moses The Kingdom of Israel The Torah (Old Testament) The Rise and Impact of Christianity • Roots are found in Judaism and originates in the same place. • Monotheistic • Trinity- Father, son and Holy Spirit • Jesus Christ • Bible, New and Old Testaments Islam “submission to the will of Allah” • • • • • • • • • Prophet: Mohammad Muslims Holy book: Quran 5 pillars: Basic beliefs Pilgrimage to Mecca Sunni? vs Shi’a?: Branches of Islam Moors: Spain Mosque: The “Golden Age” of Islam - Advanced medicine - Advanced Mathematics - Advanced geography and navigation Hinduism • Origins of Hinduism in India, where it is still found today. • Polytheism vs. Monotheism • Beliefs – Reincarnation – Caste System – Brahman Buddhism • • • • Origins of Buddhism in India. The Buddha as an “enlightened” teacher. Buddhism spreads to China and East Asia. Beliefs – Four Noble Truths – Nirvana – Desire of worldly things causes suffering Unification of China Confucius and the Social Order • Confucianism -5 Basic relationships Ruler and subject Father and son Husband and wife Older brother and younger brother Friend and friend o filial piety o bureaucracy Other Ethical Systems: • Legalism-preferred by the Qin Dynasty. – Stressed strict adherence to the government and law and order. • Daoism Natural order Dao De Jing (The Way of Virtue) “the Way” guides all things alchemy, astronomy and medicine Use of reason Laozi was founder Warring City-States I. Political structure A. Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Tyrants B. Democracy 1. 621bc Draco; all Athenians under the law 2. 594bc Solon; ended debt slavery 3. 500bc Cleisthenes; assembly Athens vs. Sparta • Sparta – Emphasized military – Most similar to Hitler Germany • Athens – Scholars, writers, artists – Most similar to the United States political system Athenian (greatest height Age of Pericles) Education A. Sons of wealthy families B. Body development important C. Girls educated at home Sparta A. South of Athens B. Military state C. 725 bc conquered Messenia; became helots Significant People: Science/Math/Medicine: Euclid, Pythagoras, Hippocrates Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Drama/Comedy: Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides Historical Accounts: Herodotus, Thucydides Major Features of Greece and Rome • • • • • Med. Sea Athens Rome Jerusalem Aegean Sea Rome • Julius Caesar – Overthrew the Republic and was named “Dictator for life.” • Augustus – First emperor of Rome & brought order after the Civil Wars. • Hannibal – Cartheginian general who crossed the Alps and invaded Italy in the Punic Wars • Causes of Roman Decline A. Economy weakens 1. trade disrupted 2. new sources of gold and silver 3. inflation, unfertile land, food shortages and disease B. Military and Political Turmoil 1. less disciplined and less loyal? 2. mercenaries? 3. less patriotic Major Kingdoms of the early Middle Ages • Center of Charlemagne’s Empire • Headquarters of the Christian Church • Parliament founded • Dominated by the Moors Feudalism • Reason for Development (Need for protection) • Unifying force (The Christian Church) • Growth of nation states (Stronger central governments, expanded trade, decrease in feudal power) • Effect of the Crusades (Stimulation of trade) • Craft Guilds (Quality standards were raised) • The form of government in medieval Japan Medieval People & Place • • • • • Charlegmagne and the Franks Joan of Arc King John William the Conqueror Parliament Crusades • Justinian laws • Patriarch vs. Pope • Emperor Alexius Comenus’s Plea to – Pope ?? • Holy Land reclaimed – 1st 2nd or 3rd Crusade? • Richard the Lion-Hearted vs Saladin in the – 1st 2nd or 3rd Crusade? • The Children’s Crusade • Saladin & the fall of Jeruesalem • The Effects of the Crusades: – – – – Increased trade between West & East Increased worldview for Europeans Increased use of a money economy Initial increase in the power of the Church, but the result of the Crusades weakens the Church’s reputation. Changes in Medieval Society • The Guilds – Organization of individuals in the same business – Merchants came together to keep prices up – Wealth helped them gain influence over government and economy • Commercial Revolution – Expansion of trade and finance – Town fairs – Trade to foreign lands – Life in the city – Large amounts of credit and cash – Letters of credit – Banking by Jews and Christians • Genghis Khan Mongols – “_________ ruler” • Kublai Khan – Conquered… • Marco Polo – Told stories… • Kublai Khans government positions – He trusted… Japanese Feudalism • Samurai – warrior • Emperor – head of gov. no real power • Daimyo – feudal lord • Shogun – military commander • Bushido – honor code Han Technology and Agriculture • Technology – Paper for writing – Collar harnesses allowed horses to pull more weight – a two bladed plow was more efficient – Wheelbarrow, iron tools and water mills • Agriculture – Population soared to 60 million – Many people to feed Byzantine life • • • • Remaining Eastern Roman Empire Capital city was Constantinople. Preserved the Greco-Roman culture The home of the Orthodox Christian Church • Justinian – Created a lasting code of laws. • Collapsed when the Ottoman ruler Mehmed the Conqueror took Constantinople. Tang Dynasty • • • • • • Dynastic cycle- Han falls Tang rises Reigned for over 300 years Expansion was key Dynastic cycle- Tang falls Song rises Reigned for over 300 years Dynastic cycle- Song falls to Kublai Khan (Mongol Ruler post Genghis) Tang and Song China • Tang Dynasty lasted 300 years after the Han • Tang and Song Innovations – Movable type, gunpowder, paper money and magnetic compass • Song Dynasty falls to Mongols Renaissance • Origin and reasons for the re-birth • Humanism • Works of Art from – Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael • Northern Renaissance Artists • Machiavelli: The Prince • Humanism: Life on Earth and the afterlife are important. Renaissance People • • • • • Galileo: Telescope da Vinci: Mona Lisa and Last Supper Gutenberg: Printing Press Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel Shakespeare: English author Reformation • Fundamental Causes – Worldliness of the Catholic Church – Luther’s concerns • Selling of Indulgences • Martin Luther’s religious doctrine: Faith alone equals salvation • Response to the Protestant Reformation: Counter Reformation • Henry VIII: Needed a male heir to the throne • Results: Church was divided Map work • • • • 1. Where did the Renaissance begin? 2. Where did the Reformation begin? 3. Where did Calvin create a theocracy? 4. Where was the site of the creation of the Anglican Church? Reasons for Exploration • God, Gold, & Glory • The Ottomans role in cutting off trade from the East and the need for new trade routes. • The increased technology available for sea travel. • The Portuguese and the Spanish lead the way. Explorers • Dias: Cape of Good Hope • Magellan: Circumnavigated the world • Columbus: Thought he discovered a route to Asia • Cortez and Pizarro: Conquered Mexico and Peru Reasons for colonization • 1. Raw materials • 2. Spread Christianity • 3. Prestige Colonization • England: ruled Present day Eastern coast of the United States • Spain: ruled present day Mexico • France: ruled Present day Canada • Portugal: ruled Brazil Mercantilism • self-sufficient nation • gold/silver accumulation • regulate trade (Exports vs. Imports) (Tariffs) • The importance of colonies to secure raw materials Ancient Africa • Cultural Contributions: oral story telling, music, jewelry • Tribal Government • Mansa Musa & the West African kingdoms – Ghana – Mali – Songhai Early America • Locate the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas • Importance of Pizarro and Cortez • Be able to explain the characteristics of the three great Early American civilizations