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Application Software and the World Wide Web ITSC 1401 Instructor: Glenda H. Easter Objectives • Define application software • Explain how to start a software application • Explain the key features of widely used software • • • • applications Provide examples illustrating the importance of the World Wide Web Describe how to use a Web browser Explain how to search for information on the Web Describe the learning aids available with many software packages. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 2 System Software versus Application Software BOOTING • System Software •System •Application Controls and Coordinates Computer Operations • Application Software – Special Purpose – General Purpose Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 3 The Role of Software • Software is the series of instructions that tell • • • • computer hardware how to perform tasks. There are two major types of software. Most programs are application programs; they solve the users’ problems. Application programs are written by application programmers, who usually have a business background. System Programs are written by system programmers with a more technical background. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 4 System and Application Software • These two types of software must work together and enhance each other. The system software is required to make the application work, and without application software, you cannot perform desired tasks for productivity. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 5 Computer Software • Software is the set of instructions that directs a computer to process information. • These instructions are called programs. • There are two types of software: System Software and Application Software. – System Software coordinates the operation of the hardware components and is frequently referred to as the operating system. – Application Software is a set of programs designed for specific uses or applications. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 6 Functions of an Operating System • Operating systems go to work setting up the work environment the moment a computer is turned on. • Some of the functions of an operating system include: – It consists of programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices. – Controls or interfaces with multiple input/output devices. – The operating system handles complex storage of files. – It manages memory. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 7 Functions of an Operating System (Continued) • Additional functions of an operating system enable the user to communicate with the operating system. – Some systems support networking. – Some support multiple typefaces and audio/video – Some systems provide on-line help and multitasking. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 8 Managing Resources • Operating systems don’t just manage the interaction of components. • In a multi-user system, the operating system controls who has access to what and how much of it. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 9 Controlling Input and Output Processes • I/O (Input/Output Devices) may require – Either occasional attention to instruct them on their next step of operations – In between they will transfer data directly to or from memory. • Device Drivers are system software components that allow the operating system to control a device. – They are separate pieces of software, usually produced by the hardware manufacturer of the device. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 10 The Role of the User Interface • All software, including the operating system, communicates with the user in a certain way, through a portion of the program called a user interface. • The user interface controls how you enter data or instructions and how information and processing options are presented to you. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 11 The Role of the User Interface (Continued) • Command-line interfaces allow users to write short programs called batch files, scripts, or macros depending on the system. – Software user interface describes in detail the rules and conventions by which the program will communicate with people using it. – User interface is a set of rules and conventions by which a person communicates with the system. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 12 Windows Environment • Windows (Win3.1, Win95, Win98) have moderate hardware requirements. • Windows allows cooperative multitasking which means that applications must cooperate and relinquish resources voluntarily. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 13 Graphical User Interface • In a graphical user interface (GUI) environment you find the following elements: – – – – – – The desktop A button Commands Window A dialog box Context-Sensitive Menus Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 An icon Menu A submenu Title bar Shortcut menus 14 Application Software Functions • • • • • • • Word Processing Desktop Publishing Spreadsheets Databases Telecommunications Graphics Resource Discovery Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 15 Commonly Used Application Software • Word Processing – WPWIN – MSWord • Spreadsheet – Excel – Lotus 1-2-3 – QuattroPro • Databases – Access – Paradox – dBase Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 16 Application Software and Packages • A variety of software programs and packages are available. • Software programs can be grouped for ease of translation from one component to another. An example of this is MS Works. • Software suites consist of independent programs grouped together such as MS Office. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 17 Word Processing In The Beginning • • • • • ABC WORDS E. Remington and Sons Hand Carvings Printing Press Typewriter Word Processor Computer Software Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 18 Roots of Word Processing • The history of word processing lies in the development of printing technology. • Printing presses made literacy widespread. • Early word processors disallowed fonts and required complex codes to underline and bold text. Word processing makes document creation easier and faster. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 19 WP - Basic Features word wrap insert mode WP is an easy to use soft- fonts • Writing • Editing • Formatting • Saving • Printing default values typeover mode Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 file names 20 WP - Additional Features Spell Checker Electronic Thesaurus Style and Grammar Checker Mail Merge AutoCorrect Macro Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 21 Viewing a Word Document Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 22 Those Things That Make It Look Great • Clip Art Drawing Programs- Allows you to create line art. • Word Art - Allows you to manipulate text into various shapes. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 23 Knowing Your Way Around a Word Processing Package • Insertion Point or Cursor - Where you enter data. • Menus - Pull-down menus appear from a menu bar on the screen. • Shortcut keys - For frequently used commands which use the function keys in conjunction with Alt, Ctrl, or Shift • Help - Context-sensitive which locates and displays the help information easily and readily. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 24 Knowing Your Way Around a Word Processing Package • Toolbars or button bars - Located below the menu. They contain icons or graphic representation of commonly used commands. • Dialog box - Appears after selecting a command from a pull-down menu. It is used to specify additional command options. • Scroll bar - Located on the right and/or at the bottom of the screen. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 25 Universal Short-Cut Keys • Select, Cut, Copy, and Paste allow you to use information somewhere else. • Those shortcuts that you need to remember are: – – – – Select All - CTRL/A Copy - CTRL/C Cut - CTRL/X Paste - CTRL/V Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 26 Font Styles and Sizes • A font’s point size alone doesn’t determine the font’s apparent size. • Some fonts are wider than others, and therefore consume more space than the same text with a narrower font, even with the same point size. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 27 With or Without Feet? • There are two font types: – There is Serif, such as Times New Roman. This is an example of Times New Roman, and you will notice that this type of font has small feet at the end of a letter. – There is Sans Serif, such as Arial. There are no feet at the bottom of these letters. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 28 Fonts to Enhance • You can create various fonts to enhance the appearance of your work by using shortcut or keyboard commands. – Ctrl/B - Bold – Ctrl/I - Italics – Ctrl/U - Underline Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 29 Advantages of Spreadsheet Software • Calculate Mathematical Formulas (Functions) Automatically • Descriptive Headings 100 • Graphs 80 East West North 60 40 20 0 Qtr 1 Qtr 2 11 3 Qtr 3 Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 Qtr 4 30 Spreadsheets Components Control Panel Work Area Operating Modes Cells and Cell Contents – Active Cell Status Line – Cell Address Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 • • • • • • Rows Columns Label Headings Row Headings Edit Line 31 Scroll Bars Parts of a Worksheet • The worksheet area uses letters for column headings across the top and numbers for row headings, down the left side. • The intersection of a column and row is called a cell. – A cell holds a single unit of information. – The position of the cell is called the cell address. An example is A1 (the intersection of Column A and Row 1) – A cell pointer also known as the cell selector indicates where data is to be entered in the worksheet. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 32 Cell and Cell Contents • For Protection: Many spreadsheet programs allow you to lock or protect cells to prevent users from accidentally changing formulas when entering data. • Formulas and Values: For cells that contain formulas, the value that the formula calculates is displayed in the work area. Works and Excel give you the option of displaying the formula instead. • Recalculation: Spreadsheets automatically recalculate when their contents or the contents of cells referenced in them change. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 33 Commands • A critical, heavily used feature of spreadsheets is the capability to copy blocks of cells. • After describing a set of formulas for one column of data, you can then use a “fill{command to copy those formulas into the other columns}. In those other columns, the spreadsheet program automatically recalculates the formula using the respective data in those columns. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 34 Parts of a Spreadsheet Cell references Labels Formula Values Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 35 Spreadsheets - Basic Features • Types of Data – – – Value Label Formula Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 36 Spreadsheets - Basic Features (Continued) • Cells and Cell Contents C O L U M N – – – – Values Labels Formulas Functions ROW • Ranges Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 37 Common Features of a Spreadsheet Program • Each cell can contain one of three types of data: – a value (numeric) – a label (text that can be both alpha and numeric. If numeric, the label must contain an apostrophe (‘) to indicate a numeric label. – a formula (telling the spreadsheet how to carry out the calculation.) • Each cell has an address that allows it to be referred to in formulas. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 38 Formulas and Functions • Formulas are instructions for calculations. – Formulas help users make connections between numbers in particular cells. – Formulas are the way users can manipulate data. • Functions are ready-made formulas built into the spreadsheet program. – An example, =SUM is a function that helps a user add values in a range of cells and then displays the result. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 39 Graph Types • You can create the following types of graphs: -- Line -- Bar -- Pie -- Scatter -- Many others Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 40 Charting • Line Charts: To show a trend over a period of time. • Column or Bar Charts: Show the relationship of data. • Pie Charts: Show the relationship of parts to a whole. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 41 Spreadsheet Macros • A macro is a sequence of keystrokes and instructions that are recorded and saved. • When you run the macro, the macro performs the sequence of keystrokes and instructions automatically. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 42 Database Software • A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. • Database software packages include: – A collection of tables – A row which is called a record – A column which is called a field. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 43 Database Organization • You must first determine the fields and field names. • After that, you concentrate on determining field lengths and data types. • Data types include: text, numeric, currency, date, memo, and hyperlinks. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 44 Database Management Systems - Enable users to create database tables and provides multiple users with access to data. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 45 Data Validation • As you enter data, the database software checks or validates the data. • Validation is the process of comparing the data to a set of defined rules or values to determine if if the data is acceptable. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 46 Types of Database Fields (Laura’s record contains several fields) (One file is made up of Laura’s, Bill’s and Peter’s records) Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 47 Creating a slide with PowerPoint Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 48 The Parts of Database Management Software (DBMS) • To produce a printed report or search for specific field values, you have to know which type of data is stored in each field. • Database management system software is made of: – data dictionary language – data manipulation language – query language Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 49 Data Dictionary • This contains a description of the structure of the data used in the database. It describes: – field names – size of fields – type of data to be stored in field (text, number, logical, date, image) Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 50 Data Dictionary • This contains a description of the structure of the data used in the database. It describes: – field names – size of fields – type of data to be stored in field (text, number, logical, date, image) Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 51 Query Language • This is an easy-to-use language understandable to most users. • The most widely used query language is Structured Query Language (SQL). • This is made up of commands which direct the computer to fulfill the access needs of the user in searching, displaying, updating, and printing records in a database file. – “find last name=‘Chicago’”. – Partial specification of a field using a ‘wildcard’ character: “find author=johns*” – Queries are usually case sensitive. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 52 Data Manipulation Language • Microcomputer programs generally have a set of commands (either command-line interface or menu-based). • These commands enable the user to create a database (adding fields or certain data types) and also to add; delete; and modify records and query; as well as generate reports. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 53 The Report Generator • Microcomputer file management systems allow the user to arrange the report by clicking fields, graphic elements, and page headings dragging them into place and selecting a format for each. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 54 Presentation Graphics Software • Presentation Graphics Software allows you to create documents called presentations, which are used to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group. • More instruction will be included in a separate lecture regarding creating a PowerPoint presentation. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 55 Integrated Packages and Software Suites • Integrated Packages Less Powerful than Suites – Less Required Storage Space – Easier to Learn – Less Expensive • Software Suites – Full Power – Greater Versatility – Creating a Slide with PowerPoint Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 57 Personal Information Managers (PIMs) • • • • Lotus Works Contact Management Calendar and Schedule Management Task and Project Management Mail Merge and Print Sidekick Weekly Schedule Personal Information Managers (PIM) • A personal information manager (PIM) is a program that helps you get organized. • PIM software can keep track of things such as calendars, to-do-lists, address books, index cards, wall charts, notepads, binders and post-it notes. – Examples include Lotus Organizer, Computer Associates International, Inc., Up ToDate, and Ascend Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 59 PIMs (Continued) • PIMs are memory-resident programs which means they stay in the computer’s memory or primary storage all the time, until the computer is turned off. • Memory-resident programs are also known as terminate and stay resident (TSRs) programs. • PIMs are based in part on paper-based personal calendar and schedule books. – They frequently have entertain features, quotes for the day or a cartoon of the day. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 60 Software Suites • Purchasing Software Suites is often less expensive than buying programs individually. • They frequently include some features (such as toolbar or file conversion utilities) that makes using the set of programs easier. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 61 Project Management • A project is a one-time operation composed of several tasks that must be completed during a stated period of time. • Project management software enables users to plan, schedule, and control the people, resources, and costs needed to complete a project on time. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 62 Project Management (Continued) • Two important tools found in project management software are Gantt Charts and PERT Charts. – Gantt Charts use bars and lines to indicate the time scale of a series of tasks. – PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) Charts show the timing of a project and the relationship among its tasks. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 63 More Software Applications • Accounting and Personal Finance • Network Browsers Accounting and Personal Finance Programs • They require that you invest time entering the monetary amounts, dates, on so on, as they occur. • They also require that you carefully plan and organize account information. • Programs for end-of-year accounting or for adding up tax deductions can be great timesavers. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 65 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) • In the past, CAD required high-end graphic workstations. • Software packages are now available for microcomputers that have better-than-average graphics’ hardware. • CAD techniques to lay out furniture and other interior design are also used. • Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) can communicate a part’s manufacturing or assembly specifications to computerized machinery. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 66 Desktop Publishing Combines text, graphics, and advanced formatting crop Formatting –Fonts Handwriting Font Page Layout –Portrait –Landscape Graphics –Clip art Style Sheets Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 Text anchors 67 Landscape and Portrait Printing Landscape Portrait Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 68 Desktop Publishing • Desktop publishing is the process of using: – a microcomputer – a laser printer – software • Desktop publishing mixes text and graphics to produce publications. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 69 Styles Sheets • Style Sheets automate the selection of size and style of text for headings, captions in desktop publishing software. – It is called desktop because with a desktop computer and laser printer, you can produce results that would take rooms full of printing equipment and a publication staff. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 70 Page Layouts • The Master Page is a template for all other pages. • This page contains elements that are present on all pages. For example, headers and footers. • Documents that have an even/odd facingpage layout have two master pages: one for the left pages and one for the right. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 71 And, More Software Applications • Painting, Drawing, and PhotoEditing • CAD and CAM Paint/Image Editing Software • Paint software which is also called illustration software allows you to draw pictures, shapes, and other graphical images using various tools. • Image editing software provides the capabilities of paint software as well as the capability of modifying existing images. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 73 Paint/Image Editing Software (Continued) • Painting programs don’t just turn pixels off and on. They can change them to a different color. • Photo-editing programs give you much more control over color, enabling you to match colors, blend colors and adjust tints. • None of these programs “create art for you.” Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 74 Animation Graphics Morphing Animation Graphics • Morphing doesn’t produce a single image, rather it produces a sequence of images, each of which is successively less like the starting image and more like the final image. • You can replay this sequence to foster the image or person as “transforming” into something or someone else. – It takes several minutes for programs to generate each frame of a morphing sequence. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 76 Web Page Authoring Software • Web page authoring software is designed to help you create Web pages, in addition to organizing, managing, and maintaining Web sites. • We will work with a few of these web authoring tools: – Netscape Composer – HTML – FrontPage Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 77 Software for the Home • • • • • Encyclopedias Games Cookbooks Atlases File Management Software for Hobbyists • Music Software for the Home (Continued) • Computer games range from arcade-style to text based adventure games. • Educational materials also aid children and adults both in learning. • Reference materials include phone directories and encyclopedias. • Some file management programs enable you to organize photographs stored on Kodak PhotoCD disks. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 79 Integrated Packages • Integrated Packages: Often lack certain features. • Most computers are bundled with some set of applications software. – The bundled is not always the latest version or it may provide fewer features. • Unlike software suites, you cannot purchase the applications individually. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 80 Other Useful Software Packages • Personal Finance Software is a simplified accounting program that helps you pay bills, balance your checkbook and track your personal income and expenses. • Legal Software assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides legal advice to individuals, families, and small businesses. • Tax Preparation Software guides individuals through the process of filing federal returns. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 81 Other Useful Software Packages (Continued) • Personal Desktop Publishing allows you to create newsletters and brochures. • Personal Paint/Image Editing Software provides an easy-to-use interface to meet the needs of the home and small business user. • Photo-Editing software allows you to edit digital photographs. • Clip Art/Image Gallery is a collection of clip art and photographs. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 82 Software Trends • Groupware • Intranets Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 83 Groupware • Groupware also called Collaborative Technology supports group activities over networks to increase team productivity. • With groupware, two or more people can work on the same information at the same time. • The most widely used is Lotus Notes which allows you to create and share information on a network. – The common link is a database of documents containing text, graphics, sound, images, and even video created by users using forms. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 84 Network Browsers • Network browsers are needed to access the World Wide Web. • Network browsers enable users to search locations and information on the Internet. • Some service providers such as AOL and CompuServe provide built-in browsers, and you can also purchase browser software. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 85 Productivity Software • Productivity software is designed to make people more effective and efficient while performing daily activities. • Productivity software includes: – Word processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, personal information management, accounting, project management, and others. Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 86 Let Your Software Work For You and Not Against You Application Software and the WWW, Chapter 2 87