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Oracle on Windows Server Introduction to Oracle10g on Microsoft Windows Server Overview Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems Introduction to Table Structures Introduction to SQL Windows Specifics Oracle Architecture Overview Accessing Oracle Data in Applications Oracle10g New Features Oracle Founded in 1977 Most popular RDBMS Runs on numerous platforms From Mainframes to PDAs One of the largest software companies in the world Oracle RDBMS RDBMS Relational Database Management System Data is held relationally Hence the term RDBMS Data stored in one “table” is related to data stored in other tables The data is the database Oracle (the program) is the RDBMS AKA the Oracle Server Oracle Windows Specifics Everything is a thread Oracle provides MMC plugins for Windows Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle process System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory (Program Global Area) share one common memory space Administration Assistant for Windows NT Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor 64-bit Oracle 10g is available for 64-bit Windows Server 2003 Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows Oracle Instance Architecture (MS Windows) The actual running RDBMS Made up of Oracle Memory SGA PGA Program Global Area Specific to each user User memory System Global Area Shared among all of the users accessing the instance For sorts, joins, etc. Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process) User (Server) Threads Do work on behalf of the user AKA User Threads Background (Oracle) Threads Maintenance and functions on behalf of Oracle Oracle Threads Oracle Instance Oracle Memory Oracle Memory (SGA) Memory Used by Oracle SGA DB_CACHE_SIZE Shared pool, large pool, log buffer, variable area Memory per user X number of users PGA Sort Area Hash Area SGA System Global Area Buffer Cache Shared Pool Used internally Log Buffer Stores database buffers (data) Usually the largest piece of memory Used for logging Large Pool Variable Area SGA Oracle Instance Background Threads Oracle Memory (SGA) PMON SMON DBWR LGWR ARCH RECO Background Threads Database Writer (DWRn) Log Writer (LGWR) System Monitor (SMON) Process Monitor (PMON) Recoverer (RECO) Archiver (ARCn) Checkpoint (CKPT) Job Queue (CJQn, Jn) Queue Monitor (QMNn) Other Background Threads Other Background Threads MMON MMNL Exclusively for internal database tasks RBAL Captures session history and metrics computation MMAN Issues alerts against system metric thresholds Captures modified SQL and garners statistics Used to balance ASM disk activity OSMB Used to communicate between an ASM instance and a database instance Oracle Instance User Threads USER THREAD Oracle Memory (SGA) PMON SMON DBWn LGWR ARCn RECO User (Server) Threads Shadows the User Thread (for “Dedicated” Server Processes) Works on behalf of the User Thread Reads data from database First checks buffer cache Reads from datafiles into the buffer cache Modifies data in the buffer cache Does not write to datafiles Other Threads Query Servers Shared Server Processes Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to decrease memory usage by using a shared pool of processes Dispatchers Used for Parallel Query Can increase multi-processor utilization percentage Used with MTS to match user connection requests to shared servers RAC specific Threads Used when Cluster Ready Services are installed and enabled Elements of a Database System A working database system involves interaction of the following elements: Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the database and the Oracle memory Oracle data files – stores of data on disk Oracle Instance Memory Threads Data Files Data Structures Data files Blocks Basic Building Blocks File system files Raw partitions The basic storage container Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384) Contains one or more rows Extents Chunks that hold schema objects Dynamically allocated in data files Data Structures Segments Tablespaces Made up of one or more extents Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a segment Blocks within an extent are contiguous Container for Schema Objects Made up of one or more data files Defined with a STORAGE clause Schema Objects Tables Views Clusters Indexes Sequences How does Oracle Work? Data is stored in two places On disk in the data files In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA) Reads Writes Oracle Reads The user threads (server threads) try to get data from SGA first If it is not there The user thread itself reads it from disk and puts it into the SGA Oracle Reads (Data in Cache) Memory (Buffer Cache) User Threads Data is read from cache. Data Files Oracle Reads (Data not in Cache) Memory (Buffer Cache) User Threads Data is not in cache. User Thread reads it from disk into cache. It is then read from cache. Data Files Oracle Writes User Threads Writes (changes) are made by the user Data is changed in the buffer cache The original data is put into the undo tablespace or rollback segment User issues commit statement Information is written to the log buffer A transaction is not committed until the log write has occurred User thread only writes/changes the SGA, not the data on disk Oracle Writes Background Threads The LGWR (Log Writer Thread) takes log information and writes it to the redo log The DBWn (Database Writer Thread) writes the data changes to disk at a later time The DBWn thread is the only thread that writes out to the data files Logical vs. Physical I/O Logical read (in memory) Logical write (in memory) Physical read (to disk) Physical write (to disk) Logical reads and writes are thousands of times faster than physical reads and writes The keys to Oracle performance are Performing read and write operations in memory, where possible When physical reads and writes must be performed, optimizing I/O efficiency Accessing Oracle Data in Applications When developing applications, there are several options for connecting to Oracle data: PL/SQL Java Pro*C/ProC++ Pro*Cobol OCI and OCCI Oracle Data Provider for .Net (ODP.NET) Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O) Oracle10g Released in 2004 Release ~ 1.7 GB with seed database Introduction of “Grid” concept Aggressive pricing for SMB Oracle10g New Features Enhanced Real Application Clusters Oracle Streams Cross-platform transportable tablespaces Automatic Storage Management (ASM) Self-Managing Database New Backup and Recovery Features Full Flashback recovery Oracle Grid Oracle10g Flashback Recovery Separate Flashback Area created during database creation (optional) Can quickly restore to any point in time covered within the retention period Restore the entire database Restore a single table Flashback query Contains flashback logs Contains a full RMAN backup to disk Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size, depending on log retention period Query a table as it existed at a point in time, without restoring the table Backups can be completely automated Oracle10g Grid Grid Concept Storage Grid ASM Database Server Grid Utility Computing A network of clients and service providers Virtualization RAC Application Server Grid Application level clustering Administering Oracle and Monitoring Performance with Oracle 10g Grid Control Oracle Grid Control is the enhanced version of OEM that is installed with Oracle 10g Requires a central Management Repository and Agents on each database server Enhancements for managing and deploying RAC nodes and application grid nodes Significant improvements in automatic performance monitoring and analysis Central interface for administering and monitoring Oracle 10g Perform all Administration tasks Contains a variety of Advisors for improving performance Oracle10g RAC Enhanced Service architecture Workload integration Cache Fusion Integrated clusterware Cluster storage options Cluster File System Automated Storage Management Oracle Real Application Cluster Shared Everything Users Server Server Database Server Server Oracle10g RAC and Windows 2003 Server Oracle has supported the Windows platform since 1993 Fully optimized for Windows architecture Leverages key Windows technologies 32-bit 64-bit Itanium2 and x64 Active Directory Windows Security Cluster support .NET development platform Easy to install and administer A rapidly growing market segment for Oracle Review When was Oracle founded? What thread or process reads Oracle data from disk? When an Oracle write is performed, which background thread is more likely to cause user waits? A. Database Writer (DBWn) B. Log Writer (LGWR) Name two keys to Oracle performance. What is the suggested minimum size of the Flashback Recovery Area relative to Oracle data storage? Name a new Oracle 10g feature. Summary Data Access Methods Oracle10g New Features Oracle10g RAC Windows Specifics © 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.