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Oracle on Windows Server
Introduction to Oracle10g on Microsoft
Windows Server
Overview
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Introduction to Relational Database
Management Systems
Introduction to Table Structures
Introduction to SQL
Windows Specifics
Oracle Architecture Overview
Accessing Oracle Data in Applications
Oracle10g New Features
Oracle
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Founded in 1977
Most popular RDBMS
Runs on numerous platforms
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From Mainframes to PDAs
One of the largest software companies in
the world
Oracle RDBMS
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RDBMS
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Relational Database Management System
Data is held relationally
Hence the term RDBMS
Data stored in one “table” is related to data
stored in other tables
The data is the database
Oracle (the program) is the RDBMS
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AKA the Oracle Server
Oracle Windows Specifics
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Everything is a thread
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Oracle provides MMC plugins for Windows
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Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle
process
System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory
(Program Global Area) share one common memory space
Administration Assistant for Windows NT
Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor
64-bit Oracle 10g is available for 64-bit Windows Server
2003
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Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit
Windows
Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit
Windows
Oracle Instance Architecture (MS Windows)
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The actual running RDBMS
Made up of
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Oracle Memory
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SGA
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PGA
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Program Global Area
Specific to each user
User memory
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System Global Area
Shared among all of the users accessing the instance
For sorts, joins, etc.
Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process)
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User (Server) Threads
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Do work on behalf of the user
AKA User Threads
Background (Oracle) Threads
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Maintenance and functions on behalf of Oracle
Oracle Threads
Oracle Instance
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Oracle Memory
Oracle Memory
(SGA)
Memory Used by Oracle
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SGA
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DB_CACHE_SIZE
Shared pool, large pool, log buffer, variable
area
Memory per user X number of users
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PGA
Sort Area
Hash Area
SGA
System Global Area
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Buffer Cache
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Shared Pool
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Used internally
Log Buffer
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Stores database buffers (data)
Usually the largest piece of memory
Used for logging
Large Pool
Variable Area
SGA
Oracle Instance
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Background Threads
Oracle Memory
(SGA)
PMON
SMON
DBWR
LGWR
ARCH
RECO
Background Threads
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Database Writer (DWRn)
Log Writer (LGWR)
System Monitor (SMON)
Process Monitor (PMON)
Recoverer (RECO)
Archiver (ARCn)
Checkpoint (CKPT)
Job Queue (CJQn, Jn)
Queue Monitor (QMNn)
Other Background Threads
Other Background Threads
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MMON
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MMNL
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Exclusively for internal database tasks
RBAL
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Captures session history and metrics computation
MMAN
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Issues alerts against system metric thresholds
Captures modified SQL and garners statistics
Used to balance ASM disk activity
OSMB
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Used to communicate between an ASM instance
and a database instance
Oracle Instance
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User Threads
USER
THREAD
Oracle Memory
(SGA)
PMON
SMON
DBWn
LGWR
ARCn
RECO
User (Server) Threads
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Shadows the User Thread (for
“Dedicated” Server Processes)
Works on behalf of the User Thread
Reads data from database
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First checks buffer cache
Reads from datafiles into the buffer cache
Modifies data in the buffer cache
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Does not write to datafiles
Other Threads
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Query Servers
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Shared Server Processes
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Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to decrease
memory usage by using a shared pool of processes
Dispatchers
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Used for Parallel Query
Can increase multi-processor utilization percentage
Used with MTS to match user connection requests to
shared servers
RAC specific Threads
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Used when Cluster Ready Services are installed and
enabled
Elements of a Database
System
 A working database system involves interaction
of the following elements:
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Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the
database and the Oracle memory
Oracle data files – stores of data on disk
Oracle Instance
Memory
Threads
Data
Files
Data Structures
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Data files
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Blocks
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Basic Building Blocks
File system files
Raw partitions
The basic storage container
Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384)
Contains one or more rows
Extents
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Chunks that hold schema objects
Dynamically allocated in data files
Data Structures
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Segments
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Tablespaces
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Made up of one or more extents
Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a segment
Blocks within an extent are contiguous
Container for Schema Objects
Made up of one or more data files
Defined with a STORAGE clause
Schema Objects
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Tables
Views
Clusters
Indexes
Sequences
How does Oracle Work?
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Data is stored in two places
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On disk in the data files
In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA)
Reads
Writes
Oracle Reads
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The user threads (server threads) try to
get data from SGA first
If it is not there
The user thread itself reads it from disk
and puts it into the SGA
Oracle Reads (Data in Cache)
Memory (Buffer Cache)
User
Threads
Data is read from cache.
Data
Files
Oracle Reads (Data not in
Cache)
Memory (Buffer Cache)
User
Threads
Data is not in cache.
User Thread reads it from disk
into cache.
It is then read from cache.
Data
Files
Oracle Writes
User Threads
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Writes (changes) are made by the user
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Data is changed in the buffer cache
The original data is put into the undo tablespace or
rollback segment
User issues commit statement
Information is written to the log buffer
A transaction is not committed until the log write has
occurred
User thread only writes/changes the SGA, not
the data on disk
Oracle Writes
Background Threads
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The LGWR (Log Writer Thread) takes log
information and writes it to the redo log
The DBWn (Database Writer Thread)
writes the data changes to disk at a later
time
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The DBWn thread is the only thread that
writes out to the data files
Logical vs. Physical I/O
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Logical read (in memory)
Logical write (in memory)
Physical read (to disk)
Physical write (to disk)
Logical reads and writes are thousands of times
faster than physical reads and writes
The keys to Oracle performance are
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Performing read and write operations in memory,
where possible
When physical reads and writes must be performed,
optimizing I/O efficiency
Accessing Oracle Data in Applications
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When developing applications, there are several
options for connecting to Oracle data:
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PL/SQL
Java
Pro*C/ProC++
Pro*Cobol
OCI and OCCI
Oracle Data Provider for .Net (ODP.NET)
Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)
Oracle10g
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Released in 2004
Release ~ 1.7 GB with seed database
Introduction of “Grid” concept
Aggressive pricing for SMB
Oracle10g New Features
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Enhanced Real Application Clusters
Oracle Streams
Cross-platform transportable tablespaces
Automatic Storage Management (ASM)
Self-Managing Database
New Backup and Recovery Features
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Full Flashback recovery
Oracle Grid
Oracle10g Flashback Recovery
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Separate Flashback Area created during
database creation (optional)
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Can quickly restore to any point in time covered
within the retention period
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Restore the entire database
Restore a single table
Flashback query
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Contains flashback logs
Contains a full RMAN backup to disk
Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size,
depending on log retention period
Query a table as it existed at a point in time, without
restoring the table
Backups can be completely automated
Oracle10g Grid
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Grid Concept
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Storage Grid
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ASM
Database Server Grid
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Utility Computing
A network of clients and service providers
Virtualization
RAC
Application Server Grid
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Application level clustering
Administering Oracle and Monitoring
Performance with Oracle 10g Grid Control
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Oracle Grid Control is the
enhanced version of OEM
that is installed with Oracle
10g
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Requires a central
Management Repository
and Agents on each
database server
Enhancements for
managing and deploying
RAC nodes and application
grid nodes
Significant improvements in
automatic performance
monitoring and analysis
Central interface for
administering and monitoring
Oracle 10g
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Perform all Administration
tasks
Contains a variety of
Advisors for improving
performance
Oracle10g RAC
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Enhanced Service architecture
Workload integration
Cache Fusion
Integrated clusterware
Cluster storage options
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Cluster File System
Automated Storage Management
Oracle Real Application
Cluster
Shared Everything
Users
Server
Server
Database
Server
Server
Oracle10g RAC and Windows
2003 Server
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Oracle has supported the Windows platform since 1993
Fully optimized for Windows architecture
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Leverages key Windows technologies
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32-bit
64-bit Itanium2 and x64
Active Directory
Windows Security
Cluster support
.NET development platform
Easy to install and administer
A rapidly growing market segment for Oracle
Review
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When was Oracle founded?
What thread or process reads Oracle data from disk?
When an Oracle write is performed, which background
thread is more likely to cause user waits?
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A. Database Writer (DBWn)
B. Log Writer (LGWR)
Name two keys to Oracle performance.
What is the suggested minimum size of the Flashback
Recovery Area relative to Oracle data storage?
Name a new Oracle 10g feature.
Summary
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Data Access Methods
Oracle10g New Features
Oracle10g RAC
Windows Specifics
© 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.