Download Data Manipulation Subsystem

Databases and Data
Warehouses
How Do You Organize
Large Amounts of
Information?
Chapter 10
Student Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the difference between data and
information and the logical structure people use
to organize data and information
2. Define key relational database concepts
including field properties, primary keys,
compound primary keys, foreign keys, and
integrity constraints
3. Describe the role of an entity-relationship
diagram in defining the structure of a database
and the relationships among the tables
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Student Learning Outcomes
4. List the major components of a database
management system and describe their roles
5. Discuss how Web databases support various
e-commerce functions
6. Describe how data warehouses and datamining tools help create business intelligence
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Introduction
Businesses and individuals alike need
technology tools to help them effectively
organize their information so they can
access and use it for a variety of purposes.
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.1 Data, Information, and
Their Structures
Data are distinct items providing descriptions of people, places,
and/or things that may not have much meaning
to you in a given context
Information is organized data whose meaning is clear and
useful to you in a given context
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Logical Structure of Data
and Information
Field
Record
Data File
Database
Data
Warehouse
SimNet
Concepts Support CD: “Database Applications,”
“Managing Data,” and “Database Management Systems”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.2 Relational Databases
• Most popular method for organizing and storing
information is the relational database model
which stores information in files or tables that
have rows and columns
• Popular software applications include:
–
–
–
–
–
Microsoft Access
Oracle
Sybase
DB2
FileMaker
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Commercial Relational
Database Models
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Database Example
p.10.294 Fig. 10.3
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Relational Database
Concepts
Field
Properties
Foreign
Keys
SimNet
Primary
Keys
Integrity
Constraints
Concepts Support CD: “Designing Relational Databases”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Entity-Relationship
Diagrams
Entity relationship diagram is a graphical
representation of tables in a database and
the relationships among the tables
p.10.296 Fig. 10.4
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Working with a Relational
Database
• Relational database relies on associations
or relationships between tables
• Three types of relationships
 One-to-one
 One-to-many
 Many-to-many
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Types of Database
Relationships
One-to-one relationship means that one record in a database table
can only be related to at most one record in another database table
One-to-many relationship means that one record in a database
table can be related to many records in another database table
Many-to-many relationship means that many records in a database
table can be related to many records in another database table
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Database Models
•
•
•
•
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object-oriented
SimNet
Concepts Support CD:
“Types of Database Organizations”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Hierarchical Databases
• Uses an inverted directory tree structure
• Organizes data under different
directories
• Parent directories are the main
directories - similar to a folder
– Children subdirectories can have only one
parent
– Records belonging to a directory are
children
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Network Databases
• Similar to hierarchical databases
– Uses a tree structure
• Children can have more than one parent
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Object-Oriented Databases
• Becoming popular
• Uses objects to represent entities rather
than fields in a table
– Object is one item that contains distinct
information
– Each object has its own properties or
attributes
• Similar objects belong to the same class
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.3 Database Management
Systems
• Database management system (DBMS)
– Application software
– Allows you to arrange, modify, and extract
information from a database
• DBMS works on everything from PDAs to
large mainframes
SimNet
Concepts Support CD: “Database Management Systems”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
DBMS
• All DBMS’ include:
Data Definition Subsystem
Application Generation
Subsystem
Data Manipulation
Subsystem
Data Administration
Subsystem
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data Definition Subsystem
p.10.299 Fig. 10.7
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Defining Relationships
Among Tables
p.10.300 Fig. 10.8
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data Manipulation
Subsystem: Database Form
Database form is a graphical interface that makes
it easy to add, change and delete information
p.10.301 Fig. 10.9
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Queries
• Asks questions of a database
• Query language uses English statements
to extract data
• Query-by-example tool allows you to
graphically represent what information
you’d like to see from a database
• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a
standardized query language for most
databases
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Access Query-By-Example
Relationship – Tables
& Primary Keys
Fields
Tables
Visible Fields in Query
p.10.302 Fig. 10.10
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Generating a Report
Typical report
generators will allow
you to:
–Specify what
information you want in a
report
–The order in which it
will appear
–Various reporting
options such as a title
and subtotal
p.10.303 Fig. 10.11
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
OTHER DBMS
SUBSYSTEMS
• Application generation subsystem
– For developing transaction-intensive software
• Data administration subsystem
– Managing the overall database environment
– Security management
– Concurrency control
– Used by database administrators
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Database Administrators
How do database administrators come up
with solutions to businesses challenges
using databases?
Design
Implement
Maintain
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.4 Databases In Electronic
Commerce
• Databases play a key role in helping businesses
conduct e-commerce by making their business
tasks more effective and efficient
• Businesses are using the Web to provide
employees with access to information
• Businesses are allowing their partner
businesses to gain access to vitally important
information in support of functions such as
supply chain management through the Web
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Productive Uses of
Databases in e-Commerce
Web
Databases
Web Search
Engines
Electronic
Catalogs
Personal
Portals
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Web Database
Web databases require
the use of:
• An appropriate DBMS
•An organization and
presentation facility
such as XML
•Middleware (software
that allows the
communications to
happen between
different software
applications)
p.10.305 Fig. 10.12
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Web Search Engine
Web search engines
use Web databases to:
•Store
•Sort
•Organize
•Categorize Web sites,
their addresses, and
their content
p.10.306 Fig. 10.13
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Web Catalogs
Electronic catalogs are
Web databases that
contain product
information, including:
•Descriptions
•Prices – and perhaps:
•
Images, sound,
video, 3-D graphics,
and animation
p.10.307 Fig. 10.14
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Personal Portal
A personal portal is a
Web page for which you
define the content you
want to see. Examples
to include:
•List of Web site links
•Stock ticker
•Local weather forecast
•Favorite news site
p.10.307 Fig. 10.15
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Security & Privacy
• Security:
– Hackers can break into Web databases
containing credit card numbers from ecommerce sites, Internet banking sites, and
online medical records
SimNet
Concepts Support CD: “Privacy Issues” and “Security Issues”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Security & Privacy
•
Privacy
– Businesses are compiling information about
you in their databases. As businesses merge,
so do their databases. Information about you
can be easily sold from one business to
another
SimNet
Concepts Support CD: “Privacy Issues” and “Security Issues”
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.5 Data Warehouses and
Business Intelligence
• DBMS support:
Online Transaction
Processing (OLTP)
- is the processing of
information to support
some sort of
transaction such as the
purchasing of a
product.
Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP)
- is the manipulation
of information to
generate business
intelligence and
support decisionmaking tasks.
Business Intelligence
- is knowledge about
your customers,
competitors,and
internal operations
that can help you
make more informed
and effective
decisions.
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Tools used to Work with
Multiple Databases
Data Warehouse
Data-mining tools
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data Warehouse
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
A Data Warehouse is
Multidimensional
p.10.310 Fig. 10.16
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data Warehouse Features
• Data warehouse is a collection of
information from internal and/or external
sources organized specifically for generating
business intelligence to support decision
making
• Data warehouse is different from a database
in that it is multidimensional with layers of
columns and rows
• Data warehouses directly support OLAP and
not OLTP
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data-Mining Tools
• Tools you use to perform data mining
p.10.310 Fig. 10.17
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data-Mining Tools – cont.
• Query-and-reporting tools are similar to QBE
tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical
database environment
• Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools are
slice and dice techniques that allow you to view
multidimensional information from different
perspectives
• Statistical tools help you apply various
mathematical models to the information stored in
a data warehouse to discover new information
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data-Mining Tools – cont.
• Data-mining agents help you discover new
information, trends, and relationships within
a data warehouse without necessarily
applying a specific mathematical model
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Data Marts
•
•
•
•
Miniature data warehouse
Has a special focus
Subset of a data warehouse
Aids decision making in a specific focus area
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.6 Key Terms
• Application
generation
subsystem
• Business
intelligence
• Data
• Data administration
subsystem
• Data definition
subsystem
• Data dictionary
• Data file
• Data manipulation
subsystem
• Data mart
• Data mining
• Data-mining agent
• Data-mining tool
• Data warehouse
• Database
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.6 Key Terms
• Database form
• Database
management system
(DBMS)
• Entity-relationship
diagram (E-R)
• Field
• Field property
• Foreign key
• Hypertext database
• Information
• Integrity constraint
• Many-to-many
relationship
• Middleware
• Multidimensional
analysis tool (MDA)
• One-to-many
relationship
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
10.6 Key Terms
• One-to-one
relationship
• Personal portal
• Primary key
• Query-and-reporting
tool
• Query-by-example
tool
• Record
• Relational database
model
• Report generator
• Statistical tool
• Structured Query
Language (SQL)
• Web database
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Review of Concepts
1. Designing a Database
 How do instructors relate to courses?
2. Defining the Timeliness of Data
Warehouse Information
 How often do you need the right
information to predict the scores of football
games?
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Hands On Projects
E-Commerce
1. Obtaining a Free Credit Report
 Maybe the first time, but not always
2. Getting Tutored on the Web
3. Using Interlibrary Loan
 No need to ever visit the library again
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Hands On Projects
Ethics, Security & Privacy
1. How Secure Is Your Personal Information
 Is a business responsible for information
about you that it loses to a hacker?
2. CRUD – Defining Who Can Do What
with Database Information
 Who can CRUD your information?
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Hands On Projects
on the Web
1. Using Webopedia to Learn More about
Technology
2. Researching Data Warehouses and
Data-Mining Tools
3. Finding a DBMS for Your PDA
4. Researching Database Security
5. Finding a Free DBMS
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Hands On Projects
Group Activities
1. Evaluating Popular Personal DBMSs
2. Digging for Databases
 What databases are at your school?
3. Defining the Structure of a Data
Warehouse
©2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies