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CLASSIFICATION & DIVERSITY Why we need to identify & group organism?? a) Recognition of dissimilar organism easier if we can put them in predefined categories Lantern bug (never seen before??!!) Insects (through experience) b) Grouping allows us to make prediction •Looks different •But distinguishing features group them together •Mammals: give birth How to group living organism?? Not based only on ONE CHARACTER alone Eg: animals can fly & cannot fly – Insects – Birds – Bats -fish -rodents So need to look the overall plan of the organism TAXONOMY Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or 'science'. the practice and science of classification Classification: placing an object into sets of categories based on properties/characters of the object SERIES OF SETS KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctista) PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla) CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta) ORDER FAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’) GENUS SPECIES EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS KINGDOM: PHYLUM: CLASS: ORDER: FAMILY: GENUS: SPECIES: ANIMALIA ARTHROPODA INSECTA DIPTERA TEPHRITIDAE Bactrocera dorsalis ADDITIONAL SUBSETS KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER Suborder Superfamily – ‘-oidea’ FAMILY – ‘-dae’ Subfamily – ‘-nae’ Tribe – ‘-inii’ Subtribe GENUS Subgenus SPECIES Subspecies KINGDOM: PHYLUM: CLASS: ORDER: SUPERFAMILY: FAMILY: SUBFAMILY: TRIBE: GENUS: SPECIES: SUBSPECIES: ANIMALIA ARTHROPODA INSECTA HYMENOPTERA ICHNEUMONOIDEA ICHNEUMONIDAE CRYPTINAE CRYPTINII Goryphus mesoxanthus mesoxanthus NOMENCLATURE (TATANAMA) HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED?? (A) COMMON NAMES Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly, kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding (true bugs), soroksorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly), riang-riang (cicada), kutu beras (rice weevil) Problem: i) Not consistent ii) Doesn’t portray the actual insects (B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES consistent around the world one species with single valid name SPECIES FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION DEF: groups of natural populations that can interbreed. They are reproductively isolated from all other species SPECIES NAME Binomial Consists of Genus and Specific names Eg.: Bactrocera dorsalis Written in italic Genus: start wih capital letter Species: small letters If hand written: underline both names seperately (Bactrocera dorsalis) Goryphus jendul Azura Azura: the person who first described and named the species for science Sometime outhor name in bracket The author got the genus wrong COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INSECT CLASS INSECTA SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA – ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE STAGE – NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS – PRIMITIVE – 5 ORDERS 1) PROTURA Prot=First, Ura=Tail Eyeless No antennae Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments First pair of legs sensory 2) DIPLURA Di=two; ura=tail Refers to two cerci Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7 B. Two cerci C. Eyeless D. Antennae present 3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL) Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally) Eyes small with no more than 8 facets (ommatidia) on each side of the head. D. Antennae present 4) THYSANURA (silverfish) Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7 Two cerci and a median caudal filament Compound eyes small or absent flattened Antennae present Gegat (old papers, high humid place) 5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS) micro, small; coryphia, head Styli on abdominal segments 2-9 Two cerci and a median caudal filament Antennae present by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark. They feed at night. SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA With wings 2 groups: 1) Exopterygota (18) – Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa) – Develop wings outside of body 2) Endopterygota (9) – Complete metamorphosis (with pupa) – Develop wings inside body (visible when adult) EXOPTRYGOTA 1) BLATTARIA Body flattened and oval head concealed from above by pronotum Wings usually present Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae long and slender Cockroaches 2)ORTHOPTERA Body usually linear in shape Antennae conspicuous Fore wing straight, narrow Hind wing broad, membranous and fan-like Hindlegs adapted for jumping Grasshoppers & crickets 3)HEMIPTERA Subdivided into 2 suborder: – A) heteroptera – B) homoptera 3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) Mouthparts modified into Forewing hemielitron Wings, when at rest, held flat over body and overlap each other. Some wingless C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared with Coleoptera). D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments. 3B)HOMOPTERA Mouthparts modified into beak Antennae short, bristle-like. Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and held roof-like over body. Considerable variation in body form (winged, wingless, degenerate legs). 4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA Stick-like or leaf-like Legs long and slender and not enlarged for jumping, diging, or capturing prey. Abdomen long and slender Antennae with 8-80 segments Stick insects, leaf insects 5)MANTODEA Fore legs adapted for grasping prey Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae short Praying mantis Female ats male after mating 6) ODONATA DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY 7) ISOPTERA Iso= equal; ptera= wings Anai-anai Soft bodied No constriction of waist Chewing Mouthparts Monoliform or filiform antenna Fontanelle - secretions from top of head glue soil to gather 8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING) Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles Hind wings: membranous Mouthparts chewing Prominate cerci Nocturnal Under bark, cracks Scavengers - dead and decaying plant material 9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't fly that much; hiding in vegetation, debris Adults feed soft vegetation such as flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algae Nymphs feed on invertebrates or plant detritus 10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating to cockroaches Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent D. Body leathery E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical F. Antennae 23-40 segments Habitat: high altitude Food: debris of insects that died on snow fields at high altitudes. 11) EPHEMEROPTRA Two-pair of triangular, membranous wings with many veins Ten-segmented abdomen with two to three caudal filaments (cerci) Fragile-looking Near water Adults don’t feed Immature: algae, plants bioindicator 12) ZORAPTERA Winged, wingless (lack eyes) B. 2-Segmented tarsi C. Chewing mouthparts D. Cerci present E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna Feed on fungus and dead insects 13) PSOCOPTERA 2- to 3-Segment tarsi B. Roof-like wing position C. No cerci D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, long antennae E. "Gnawing" mouthparts Damp areas Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood 14) THYSANOPTERA Very tiny, < 2mm Mouthpart: stylet Narrowed wings with fringes Veins greatly reduced/absent Flowers, under bark, leaf litter 15) EMBIIDINA embid, lively (run backward quickly when disturbed) No ocelli Chewing mouthparts Males- winged; Females - not winged leaf litter, under stones, bark Food:dried plant material, dried grasses 16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU) Wingless, ectoparasite 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, mandibles for chewing lice Dorso - ventally flattened Eggs glue to hair or feather Host-specific Birds and mammals:chewing lice (MALLOPHAGA) Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA) 17) MANTOPHASMATODEA discovered 2002 South Africa Carnivorous Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea and Mantodea ENDOPTERYGOTA 1) COLEOPTERA The largest insect group Fore wings thickened (elytra) usually meeting in a straight line down the middle of the back and covering the hind wings. Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded up under the elytra. C. Chewing type mouthparts. 2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES) Fore wings membranous Hind wings reduced to small knoblike structures called halteres. Antennae variable, often short and inconspicuous. Mouthparts sucking (sponging). 3) LEPIDOPTERA Head - large compound eye most with proboscis Scaly wings Butterfly vs moth BUTTERFLY ANTENNAE: thin slender filamentous antennae, club shaped at the end FRENULUM: none PUPAE:. exposed pupa = chrysalis. WINGS: bright colours VS MOTH mostly comb-like or feathery Present caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk plain brown, grey, white or black BUTTERFLY BODY: slender and smoother abdomens. ACTIVITY: diurnal RESTING: exposed pupa = chrysalis. WINGS: fold their wings above their backs VSMOTH stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies Crepuscular, nocturnal caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk rest with their wings spread out to their sides REMARKS: THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS 4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees) Greek - hymeno, god of marriage; ptera, wings Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for the bees where the labium and maxillae form a tonguelike structure through which liquid food is taken. Antennae with 10 or more segments. Ovipositor well developed sometimes modified into a sting 5) STREPSIPTERA Latin - strepsi, twisted; ptera, wings Relates to the form of the hind wings; membranous and appearing twisted and wrinkled. Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike. Mouthparts vestigial Small insects 0.5-4 mm. Females are generally saclike without appendages or bedbuglike 6) NEUROPTERA (LACEWING) Wings membranous Fore and hind wings similar in shape and veination. Held rooflike over the body at rest. Soft-bodied Mouthparts mandibulate Antennae long Predator (mostly) 7) MECOPTERA Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or rostrum most have four long narrow membranous wings which are similar in size and venation. Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae) Chewing type mouthparts. Antennae threadlike about one-half the length of the body. 8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS) Latin - siphon, pipe; aptera, wingless Small, wingless, < 5mm Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily sclerotized Sucking type mouthparts Legs relatively long with large coxae. Usually jumping insects. Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents 9)TRICHOPTERA both wings membranous, covered with short hairs wings fold flat but held rooflike tarsi 4 or 5 segmented mandibles greatly reduced long, many segmented antennae