Download classification & diversity

CLASSIFICATION
&
DIVERSITY
Why we need to identify & group
organism??
a)
Recognition of dissimilar organism easier
if we can put them in predefined
categories
Lantern bug (never seen before??!!)
 Insects (through experience)
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b) Grouping allows us to make prediction
•Looks different
•But distinguishing features group them together
•Mammals: give birth
How to group living organism??
Not based only on ONE CHARACTER
alone
 Eg: animals can fly & cannot fly
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– Insects
– Birds
– Bats
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-fish
-rodents
So need to look the overall plan of the
organism
TAXONOMY
Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or
'science'.
 the practice and science of classification
 Classification: placing an object into sets
of categories based on
properties/characters of the object
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SERIES OF SETS
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KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria,
Protoctista)
PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla)
CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta)
ORDER
FAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’)
GENUS
SPECIES
EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS
KINGDOM:
 PHYLUM:
 CLASS:
 ORDER:
 FAMILY:
 GENUS:
 SPECIES:
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ANIMALIA
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
DIPTERA
TEPHRITIDAE
Bactrocera
dorsalis
ADDITIONAL SUBSETS
KINGDOM
 PHYLUM
 CLASS
 ORDER
 Suborder
 Superfamily – ‘-oidea’
 FAMILY – ‘-dae’
 Subfamily – ‘-nae’
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Tribe – ‘-inii’
 Subtribe
 GENUS
 Subgenus
 SPECIES
 Subspecies
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KINGDOM:
 PHYLUM:
 CLASS:
 ORDER:
 SUPERFAMILY:
 FAMILY:
 SUBFAMILY:
 TRIBE:
 GENUS:
 SPECIES:
 SUBSPECIES:
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ANIMALIA
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
HYMENOPTERA
ICHNEUMONOIDEA
ICHNEUMONIDAE
CRYPTINAE
CRYPTINII
Goryphus
mesoxanthus
mesoxanthus
NOMENCLATURE
(TATANAMA)
HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED??
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(A) COMMON NAMES
Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly,
kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle),
kersing/kepinding (true bugs), soroksorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly),
riang-riang (cicada), kutu beras (rice
weevil)
Problem:
i) Not consistent
ii) Doesn’t portray the actual insects
(B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES
 consistent around the world
 one species with single valid name
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SPECIES
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION
 DEF: groups of natural populations that
can interbreed. They are reproductively
isolated from all other species
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SPECIES NAME
Binomial
 Consists of Genus and Specific names
 Eg.: Bactrocera dorsalis
 Written in italic
 Genus: start wih capital letter
 Species: small letters
 If hand written: underline both names
seperately (Bactrocera dorsalis)
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Goryphus jendul Azura
Azura: the person who first described and
named the species for science
 Sometime outhor name in bracket
 The author got the genus wrong
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COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OF AN INSECT
CLASS INSECTA
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SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA
– ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE
STAGE
– NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
– PRIMITIVE
– 5 ORDERS
1) PROTURA
Prot=First, Ura=Tail
 Eyeless
 No antennae
 Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments
 First pair of legs sensory
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2) DIPLURA
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Di=two; ura=tail
Refers to two cerci
Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7
B. Two cerci
C. Eyeless
D. Antennae present
3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)
Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally)
 Eyes small with no more than 8 facets
(ommatidia) on each side of the head.
 D. Antennae present
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4) THYSANURA (silverfish)
Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7
 Two cerci and a median caudal filament
 Compound eyes small or absent
 flattened
 Antennae present
 Gegat
 (old papers, high humid place)
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5) MICROCORYPHIA
(BRISTLETAILS)
micro, small; coryphia, head
 Styli on abdominal segments 2-9
 Two cerci and a median caudal filament
 Antennae present
 by day hiding in rock crevices or under
bark. They feed at night.
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SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA
 With wings
 2 groups:
 1) Exopterygota (18)
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– Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa)
– Develop wings outside of body
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2) Endopterygota (9)
– Complete metamorphosis (with pupa)
– Develop wings inside body (visible when adult)
EXOPTRYGOTA
1) BLATTARIA
 Body flattened and oval
 head concealed from above by pronotum
 Wings usually present
 Tarsi five-segmented.
 Antennae long and slender
 Cockroaches
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2)ORTHOPTERA
 Body usually linear in shape
 Antennae conspicuous
 Fore wing straight, narrow
 Hind wing broad, membranous
and fan-like
 Hindlegs adapted for jumping
 Grasshoppers & crickets
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3)HEMIPTERA
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Subdivided into 2 suborder:
– A) heteroptera
– B) homoptera
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3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS)
Mouthparts modified into
Forewing hemielitron
Wings, when at rest, held flat over
body and overlap each other.
Some wingless
C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared
with Coleoptera).
D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.
3B)HOMOPTERA
 Mouthparts modified into beak
 Antennae short, bristle-like.
 Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and
held roof-like over body.
 Considerable variation in body form
(winged, wingless, degenerate legs).
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4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA
 Stick-like or leaf-like
 Legs long and slender and not enlarged
for jumping, diging, or capturing prey.
 Abdomen long and slender
 Antennae with 8-80 segments
 Stick insects, leaf insects
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5)MANTODEA
 Fore legs adapted for grasping prey
 Tarsi five-segmented.
 Antennae short
 Praying mantis
 Female ats male after mating
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6) ODONATA
 DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY
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 7) ISOPTERA
 Iso= equal; ptera= wings
 Anai-anai
 Soft bodied
 No constriction of waist
 Chewing Mouthparts
 Monoliform or filiform antenna
 Fontanelle - secretions from top of head glue
soil to gather
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8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING)
Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles
Hind wings: membranous
Mouthparts chewing
Prominate cerci
Nocturnal
Under bark, cracks
Scavengers - dead and
decaying plant material
9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)
 Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't fly
that much; hiding in vegetation, debris
 Adults feed soft vegetation such as
flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algae
Nymphs feed on invertebrates or plant
detritus
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10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA
 gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria,
relating to cockroaches
 Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent
 D. Body leathery
 E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical
 F. Antennae 23-40 segments
 Habitat: high altitude
 Food: debris of insects
that died on snow
fields at high altitudes.
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11) EPHEMEROPTRA
 Two-pair of triangular,
membranous wings with many veins
 Ten-segmented abdomen with two to
three caudal filaments (cerci)
 Fragile-looking
 Near water
 Adults don’t feed
 Immature: algae, plants
 bioindicator
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12) ZORAPTERA
 Winged, wingless (lack eyes)
B. 2-Segmented tarsi
 C. Chewing mouthparts
 D. Cerci present
 E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna
 Feed on fungus and dead insects
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13) PSOCOPTERA
2- to 3-Segment tarsi
B. Roof-like wing position
C. No cerci
D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, long
antennae
E. "Gnawing" mouthparts
Damp areas
Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood
14) THYSANOPTERA
 Very tiny, < 2mm
 Mouthpart: stylet
 Narrowed wings
with fringes
 Veins greatly
reduced/absent
 Flowers, under bark,
leaf litter
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15) EMBIIDINA
 embid, lively (run backward quickly when
disturbed)
 No ocelli
 Chewing mouthparts
 Males- winged;
Females - not winged
 leaf litter, under stones, bark
 Food:dried plant material, dried grasses
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16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU)
 Wingless, ectoparasite
 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw
 Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice,
mandibles for chewing lice
 Dorso - ventally flattened
 Eggs glue to hair or feather
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Host-specific
 Birds and mammals:chewing lice
(MALLOPHAGA)
 Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)
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17) MANTOPHASMATODEA
 discovered 2002
 South Africa
 Carnivorous
 Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea
and Mantodea
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ENDOPTERYGOTA
1) COLEOPTERA
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The largest insect group
Fore wings thickened (elytra)
usually meeting in a straight line down the
middle of the back and covering the hind wings.
Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded
up under the elytra.
C. Chewing type mouthparts.
 2)
DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES)
Fore wings membranous
 Hind wings reduced to small knoblike
structures called halteres.
 Antennae variable, often short and
inconspicuous.
 Mouthparts sucking (sponging).
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3) LEPIDOPTERA
 Head - large compound eye
 most with proboscis
 Scaly wings
 Butterfly vs moth
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BUTTERFLY
ANTENNAE: thin
slender filamentous
antennae, club
shaped at the end
 FRENULUM: none
 PUPAE:. exposed
pupa = chrysalis.
 WINGS: bright
colours
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VS
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MOTH
mostly comb-like or
feathery
Present
 caterpillars spin a
cocoon made of silk
 plain brown, grey,
white or black
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BUTTERFLY
BODY: slender and
smoother abdomens.
 ACTIVITY: diurnal
 RESTING: exposed
pupa = chrysalis.
 WINGS: fold their
wings above their
backs
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VSMOTH
stout and hairy or
furry-looking bodies
 Crepuscular, nocturnal
 caterpillars spin a
cocoon made of silk
 rest with their wings
spread out to their
sides
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REMARKS: THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS
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4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees)
Greek - hymeno, god of marriage; ptera, wings
Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller
Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for
the bees where the labium and maxillae form a
tonguelike structure through which liquid food is
taken.
Antennae with 10 or more segments.
Ovipositor well developed
sometimes modified into a sting
5)
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STREPSIPTERA
Latin - strepsi, twisted; ptera, wings
Relates to the form of the hind wings;
membranous and appearing twisted and
wrinkled.
Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures
Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.
Mouthparts vestigial
Small insects 0.5-4 mm.
Females are generally saclike without
appendages or bedbuglike
 6)
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NEUROPTERA (LACEWING)
Wings membranous
Fore and hind wings similar in shape and
veination. Held rooflike over the
body at rest.
Soft-bodied
Mouthparts mandibulate
Antennae long
Predator (mostly)
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7) MECOPTERA
Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or
rostrum
most have four long narrow membranous wings
which are similar in size and venation.
Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae)
Chewing type mouthparts.
Antennae threadlike about
one-half the length of
the body.
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8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS)
Latin - siphon, pipe; aptera, wingless
Small, wingless, < 5mm
Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily
sclerotized
Sucking type mouthparts
Legs relatively long with large coxae.
Usually jumping insects.
Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents
9)TRICHOPTERA
 both wings membranous, covered with
short hairs
 wings fold flat but held rooflike
 tarsi 4 or 5 segmented
 mandibles greatly reduced
 long, many segmented antennae
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