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SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA INCLUDES ALL INSECTS CLASS INSECTA Entomology • THE STUDY OF INSECTS AND THEIR NEAR RELATIVES • Entomologists classify insects into more than 25 orders based on characteristics such as: –Structure of mouthparts –Number of wings –Type of development What You Should Know About Insects … Taxonomy • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Arthropoda •Class - Insecta Insects Are Arthropods • Insects are the largest group of Arthropods • Jointed appendages (bendable) • Segmented bodies • Exoskeleton of Chitin that must be molted to grow • Related to spiders, ticks, scorpions, millipedes, crustaceans MAIN CHARACTERISTICS • Three body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen • One pair antenna (head) • Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax) • One-two pairs of wings (thorax) Count the Legs! There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAX Antenna • • • • • One Pair on head Jointed Sensory (smell) Called “feelers” Filiform most common shape (segments = size) • May be modified FILIFORM Antenna Modifications Wings or No Wings • Most adults have 2 pairs • Called forewings and hindwings • Some insects are wingless (silverfish, fleas, some termites and ants) More on Wings A network of Veins strengthens wings MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Wings May Be Modified • Order Diptera (flies) • 2nd pair of wings modified into HALTERES • Used for balance • Makes flies hard to catch! Beetle Wings ELYTRA • Hard Forewing called Elytra • Meet in straight line down the abdomen • Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight) CIRCLE THE INSECTS Class Insecta Review ?s • • • • • • • • • • Set #1 1. Id the 3 body regions of insects. 2. What is the most common shape of antenna? Sketch. 3. Define entomology. 4. What characteristics are used to classify insects into orders? 5. What is the function of antennae? 6. What are the modified wings that provide balance for flies? 7. How many LEGS are found on insects? Pairs? 8. Id & describe the 2 types of wings on a beetle and sketch a pic. 9. How many insect orders are identified? 10. Sketch the 3 body regions of an insect & label. INSECT ORDERS INSECTS WITH WINGS Why Can’t I Call All of Them Bugs? • EVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL INSECTS are bugs! • True BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERA • Posterior thorax is triangular; called SCUTELLUM • Last 3rd of wing CLEAR • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfK CcSPCOQo Which of these are BUGS? ALL More Hemipterans Assassin Bug Water Boatman Giant Water Bug Leaf Hopper Coleoptera • Called beetles • Tough exoskeleton • Forewings called Elytra •Fly with membranous hindwings •Larva called grubs Cucumber beetle Ladybird beetle Rhinoceros beetle Ephemeroptera • Called Mayflies • Juveniles are aquatic; called naiads • Adults found near water & don’t feed • Adults reproduce & die in 24 hours • Soft bodies with 2 long Ceri (tail fibers) ADULT NAIAD Diptera • Contains mosquitoes & flies • One pair functional wings Green Bottle fly • Club-shaped halteres for balance • Bodies often hairy Hover Fly insulation / sensory s Fruit Fly Aedes Mosquito Dermaptera • Called earwigs • Long, flat bodies • Forceps (pincers) on end of abdomen • Short, hard forewings (membranous wings folded underneath • Large jaws (mandibles) on head PINCERS EARWIG EATING CATERPILLAR Orthoptera • Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids • Very long bodies • Rear legs modified for jumping • Females with egg laying tube (ovipositor on end of abdomen) • Often communicate with chirping sounds Lepidoptera • Moths, butterflies, & skippers • Siphoning mouthparts coiled under head • Powdery scales on wings • Butterflies fold wings flat above body at rest • Moths are night active • Important plant pollinators • Lacewings Neuroptera • Net veined wings • Small, delicate insects • Long antenna • Predators on other insects • May feed on nectar • • Females lay eggs suspended in the air by individual strands of silk Predators do not see the eggs because of their suspension Thysanoptera • Thrips • Two pairs of fringed wings • Feed on plant sap Isoptera • • • • Termites Live in colonies Feed on wood Soft bodies & short antenna • Castes – workers, soldiers, kings, and queen Mecoptera • Scorpion flies • Last abdominal segments curved like scorpion • Two pairs of narrow wings • Head elongated into a beak (rostrum) • Long antenna Homoptera • Cicadas, leaf hoppers, wingless aphids • If wings present, held roof like over body & membranous • Piercing-sucking mouthparts Aphids Cicada Leafhopper Odonata • Dragonflies & damselflies • Dragonflies hold clear wings spread perpendicular to body at rest • Damselflies hold clear wings together over abdomen Plecoptera • Stoneflies • Aquatic nymphs • Aerial adults are short lived • Make drumming sound to find mates Hymenoptera • Bees, ants, wasps • Narrow waist connects thorax & abdomen • Abdomen curved downward • May have stinger on end of abdomen Carpenter bee Red ant Yellow jacket Hornet cooked by bees • http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=K6m40W1s0Wc& feature=related Blattodea • Cockroaches (active pests) • American cockroach-common & largest # species • Actually not native to America • Brought over on shipping vessels • • • • • • Phasmida Stick & leaf insects Walking sticks – common Very camouflaged With and without wings Generally nocturnal Feed on shrubs and trees • Stick insects – world wide (warm) • Leaf insects- rare (Australia) Mantodea • Praying mantis • Named for “praying resemblance” • Preys on insects • Many species will stand tall & spread forelegs and fan out wings to appear larger when threatened Insecta Review ?s set #2 • 11. What 2 characteristics signify a TRUE bug? What order are true bugs? • 12. Differentiate the life span of a juvenile mayfly and that of an adult. Order? • 13. Why is the Rhinoceros Beetle unique? • 14. How are Lepidopterans important to plants? • 15. What is unique about the 2nd pair of wings on a fly? Order? • 16. What advantage do lacewings have for egg laying? Order? • 17. Identify the 4 castes of termites. Order? • 18. Describe the head of a scorpion fly. Order? • 19. Differentiate the wings of a dragonfly and a damselfly. Order? • 20. How are the wings of a cicada held? Order? INSECT ORDERS WINGLESS INSECTS Thysanura • Called Silverfish • Found around houses or outside under stones or wood • Fast runners • Damage books • Secretive and active at night. • Flat, long bodies • Long antennae • Three, long, tail like appendages Siphonaptera • Fleas • Ectoparasites • Bodies laterally compressed • Enlarged hind jumping legs • Very short antenna http://www.yo utube.com/wa tch?v=9fzb16 Bl1Dk Collembola • Called springtails • Small & soft bodied • Furcula (jumping mechanism) on abdomen • Furcula folds under the body at rest • Found in decaying plant material • • • • • • • • • • Anoplura Sucking lice Singular = louse Parasites of mammals Very small Head and body lice are examples Attracted to children’s fine hair Carry disease Slow moving Suck blood & have mouth parts specifically for that function There are specific species of human lice Mallophaga • Biting lice • External parasites on birds & mammals • Broad head & flattened body • Feed on dead skin, feathers, and fur • Move quickly • Mouth parts specifically for chewing Metamorphosis CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS Incomplete Insects change shape gradually! Complete Metamorphosis Four stages that all look different Amorphic Insects Silverfish Springtails Insects with Complete Metamorphosis EGG LARVA PUPA ADULT • Coleoptera (beetles) • Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) • Diptera (flies) Lepidoptera (butterflies) Insects with Incomplete Metamorphosis EGG NYMPH ADULT • Siphonaptera (fleas) • Isoptera (termites) • Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) • Hemiptera (true bugs) • Homoptera (cicadas & hoppers) Wings NOT fully developed FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY • the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters • primarily associated with death investigations • however it may also be used to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =C2YNmdPNG_A&feature=resul ts_video&playnext=1&list=PLBF4 9F173D4A67E05 – detect drugs and poisons – determine the location of an incident – the length of a period of neglect in the elderly or children – the presence and time of the infliction of wounds