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A. CELL THEORY
1) All living things are made
of one or more cells.
2) Cells are the basic
unit of structure and
function in living things.
3) Living cells come
only from other living
cells.
B) Two Types of Cells:
• These cells have a nucleus.
• Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle that
holds the DNA.
• Examples are plant and animal cells.
• These cells DO NOT have a nucleus.
• DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the
cell.
• An example is bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
C) ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELLS:
No Cell wall
Small Vacuoles
No Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large Vacuoles
Large
Chloroplasts
D) SOME CELL TERMS &
STRUCTURES:
1) ORGANELLES:
• tiny organs in the cell.
2) CYTOPLASM:
• fluid filling inside the cell membrane.
• makes up the majority of cell’s mass.
Organelles
Cytoplasm
3) CELL MEMBRANE
• controls movement of materials into and
out of the cell
• holds cell together
Animal Cell
Cell
membrane
Cell membrane
made of special
lipids called
“phospholipids”
Animal Cell
Cell
membrane
Cell
membrane
Animal Cell
One phospholipid
molecule.
Cell
membrane
Animal Cell
A model of a section of
phospholipid molecules
that make up the cell
membrane.
Cell wall
Cell
membrane
Plant Cell
4) CELL WALL
• found in plant cells not animal cells
• provides strength and support for plant
cells.
• made of cellulose (long chains of sugar
molecules)
E) ORGANELLES OF CELLS:
1) Nucleus:
• the control center of the cell
• stores DNA
(a) nucleolus - dark spot inside the
nucleus, which makes ribosomes.
Animal Cell
DNA
Nucleolus
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleus
(b) nuclear membrane - controls
movement of materials in and
out of nucleus.
(c)
DNA - stores information for
making proteins
2) RIBOSOME
• tiny grain like
particles usually
found along the
E.R.
• proteins are
Ribosome
made here
Proteins
Amino acids
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Animal Cell
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• makes lipids
• the delivery system of the cell for
compounds such as proteins through its
tubular connections.
Mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
4) Mitochondria:
• the “Power House” of the cell
• releases energy packets of ATP for use
in the cell.
Mitochondria
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
5) Chloroplast:
• “Solar Panels” for capturing energy
• they use energy from sunlight to make
food in plant cells (i.e. glucose).
Mitochondria
This is an example of a mesomorphic dicotyledonous foliage
leaf.
The midrib contains a single, large collateral vein. Here and
on the lamina the upper epidermis (ADE) has a thick cuticle,
the lower epidermis (LE) has a much thinner one - why do you
think this is so?
Note the mesophyll which is organized into a palisade (upper)
and a spongy (lower) mesophyll. Palisade cells are arranged
vertically, standing on their end walls, whilst spongy mesophyll
is much more loosely and randomly arranged in this leaf. Note
the large intercellular spaces (IS) between these cells and
above the stomata. The vertical arrangement of the palisade
cells means that many of the chloroplasts within the mesophyll
cells are shaded from direct sunlight - thus reducing the
number of mole quanta of light reaching them, and thus
limiting light damage to the sensitive photosynthetic machinery
within the chloroplasts themselves
The two veins that you can see in this micrograph are
embedded between the palisade and spongy mesophyll. They
are therefore classified as minor veins. The vein on the left
(inside the red ellipse) has been cut obliquely, and will join the
one on the right at some point.
Click here to see an image of guard cells as seen with the
transmission electron microscope.
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Plant Cell
Cell
membrane
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Animal Cell
6) Vacuole:
Plant Cell
• “Storage Tanks” of the cell
• store water, food and waste.
Golgi complex
Animal Cell
7) Golgi body:
• packages and transports materials out
of the cell.
Vesicle with food
Animal Cell
Lysosome
8) Lysosome:
• “Clean-up and Recycling Crew”
• digest food particles, wastes, cell parts,
and foreign invaders.
Summary of organelles and their functions
Organelles
Cytoplasm
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells