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LIFE IS
CELLULAR
LIFE CAN BE FOUND IN THE FORM
• SINGLE CELL
ORGANISM
• MULTI-CELL ORGANISM
HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT THE
CELL?
ROBERT HOOKE-1665
-First light
microscope
- Cork made of “cells”
ANTON VAN LEEUVENHOEK- 1676
Used simple microscope to
observe living organisms in
water
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- 1838
Plants made of cells
THEODOR SCHWANN- 1839
• Animals made of cells
• Schwann cells cover axon
of nerve cell
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW- 1855
• Cells come from
existing cells
JANET PLOWE- 1931
NO PICTURE
FOUND
• Cell membrane is a
defined physical
structure
Lynn Margoulis- 1970
• Some
organelles
inside cells
used to be
independent
organisms.
Review: Biologists and Their Discoveries
That Led to The Cell Theory
 Robert Hooke
• First light microscope, cork made
of “cells”
 Anton van Leeuvenhoek
• Simple microscope, living
organisms in water
 Matthias Schleiden
• Plants made of cells
 Theodor Schwann
• Animals made of cells
 Rudolph Virchow
 Janet Plowe
 Lynn Margoulis
• Cells come from existing cells
• Cell membrane is physical
structure
• Some organelles inside cells used
to be independent organisms.
What is the Cell Theory?
Three Main Components:
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Is It current?
YES
TWO CATAGORIES FOR
DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTE
• Smaller and simpler
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• No nuclei
• But, contain DNA within
cytoplasm
• Contain ribosomes
• All bacteria are
prokaryotes
• All singled-celled
• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change
• Some move
EUKARYOTE
• Vary in shape, some large
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• Have nuclei and many
other organelles
(ribosome)
• Some single-celled
beings
• Many multi-celled beings
• All plants, animals, fungi,
and many
microorganisms are
eukaryotes
• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change
CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Cell Wall
Location?
Outer most boundary
in plant, bacteria and
fungi cells
*Not found in animal
cells.
Function?
• Provides support and
protection for the cell
•Helps maintain cell
shape
Cell
Membrane
Location?
•Outer boundary of animal
and protist cells. Outer edge
of cytoplasm.
Function?
•Regulates what enters and
exits the cell
•Supports cell structures and
provides strong barrier
between cell and
surroundings.
Construction?
•Lipid bilayer, also
containing proteins and
carbohydrates
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Nucleus
Location?
•In all cells but bacteria
cells
•Often most prominent
structure in center of cell
Function?
•Controls cell processes
•Stores hereditary
information in DNA
•Codes for protein
synthesis and other
important molecules
(making of proteins most
important role of cell)
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Binuclear, Binucleate, and
Multinucleate Cells
Some cells have more
than one nucleus.
Examples:
Cells that destroy bone
Some liver cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nuclear
Envelope
Location?
•Surrounds nucleus
Function?
•Double membrane
layer that contains
pores which allow
material to move into
and out of the nucleus
•Steady stream of RNA
and other infocarrying molecules to
the rest of the cell
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Chromatin
Location?
•Most of the time it is
spread throughout the
nucleus
Function?
•Granular in structure, it
contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis. This DNA is
bound to protein.
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Chromosomes
Location?
•Inside and throughout
the nucleus
•Seen during cell division
Description?
Chromatin condenses into
threads to form
Chromosomes
Function?
•Contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Nucleolus
Location?
•Dark spherical mass
inside the nucleus
Function?
•Assembly of
ribosomes begin
here
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Cytoplasm
Location?
•Material inside the cell
membrane but not
including the nucleus.
•Contains many structures
called organelles
•Some cells may contain
cytoskeleton
Function?
•Establishes living
condition to supply and
transport materials for cell
activities
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
• Organelles act as if they are specialized
organs so the name organelle literally means
“little organs”.
Cytoskeleton
Location?
•Extending from nucleus to
cell membrane in some cells
•Found mainly in animal cells
Description?
•Made up of protein filaments
called microtubules and
microfilaments
Function?
•Helps cell maintain shape
and involved in many forms of
cell movement
Centrioles
Location?
•Paired structures just
outside the nuclear
envelope in the cytoplasm
•Only in animal cells
Function?
•During cell division,
centrioles separate and
take up positions on
opposite sides of the
nucleus
•Help organize the spindle
that separate the
chromosomes
Cilia &
Flagella
Location?
•Both extend from the
surface of the cell
Description?
Cilia – numerous, short,
hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two,
longer whip-like structures
Function?
Both used to propel
individual cells through
environment
•Found only on animal
cells.
Cilia
Flagella
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
Location?
•Extend from nuclear envelop
to cell membrane
Description?
Rough E.R. – contain
ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not contain
ribosomes
Function?
•Transport materials
•Rough E.R. modify proteins
for secretion
•Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes that make lipids for
the membrane and detoxify
drugs
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Ribosome
Location?
•In nucleus,
cytoplasm, and Rough
E.R.
Function?
•Produce proteins
following coded
instruction that come
from the nucleus.
They are made of RNA
and protein.
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Golgi
Apparatus
Location?
•Near E.R. and nucleus
Function?
•Stack of membranes that
accept proteins produced
by the rough E.R.
•Contain enzymes that
attach carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins (“package
proteins”)
•Proteins then sent to final
destinations
•It modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and
other materials from the
rough ER.
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Lysosome
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
•Rare in plant cells
•Mainly found in animal cells, some plants
cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.
Function?
•Small organelles filled with enzymes that
break down lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins from food into particles that can
be used by the rest of the cell.
•Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old
organelles that have outlived their
usefulness and dead pathogens.
•Lysosomes remove “junk” that might
other wise accumulate and clutter up the
cell.
•A number of serious human diseases,
including Tay-Sachs disease, can be traced
to lysosomes that fail to function
properly.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
Secretory
vesicle
•Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm of the
cell
•Function?
•Small organelles that secrete
material from the cell. Cell
secretions such as hormones and
neurotransmitters, are packaged in
secretory vesicles at the Golgi
apparatus. The secretory vesicles
are then transported to the cell
surface for release.
•They are transport for cellular
products.
•Mainly found in animal cells
Plant Vacuole
Location?
•Saclike structure in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Plant cells – Single, large
central vacuole
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Pressure in plant vacuole
aid in support of plant cell
and help support heavy
structures such as leaves
and flowers (lack of water
– wilting)
Vacuoles
Location?
•Saclike structures in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Animal & Protists – Small,
multiple vacuoles
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Remove excess water
from cell (contractile
vacuole)
Chloroplasts
Location?
•Found in cytoplasm of
plants, some protists and
bacteria
Function?
•Use energy from sunlight to
make energy-rich food
molecules (glucose).
•The name of this process?
Photosynthesis
Note: Chloroplasts contain
some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
chloroplast.
Only found in plant cells.
Mitochondria
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm
•More numerous in cells
that have high energy
requirements.
Function?
•Organelles that release
energy in the form of ATP
from stored food molecules
(glucose)
•The name of this process?
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain
some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
mitochondrion.
*They are the ‘power house’
of the cell.
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plant Mitochondria
Human Liver Cell Mitochondria
Cell song
• If you learn the cell song that I give you and
sing it to the class by next Friday you will get a
free 100 that will be the same as a prefix quiz
(which is a test grade).
• You can partner up but you both have to sing
the entire song to get the full 100.
• You can put it to any tune as long as it is
appropriate.
Review: Cell Structures and Functions
A. Cell Membrane
B. Centriole
C. Chromosomes
(DNA)
D. ER (rough)
E. ER (smooth)
F. Golgi apparatus
G. Mitochondrion
H. Nucleus
I.
Nucleolus
J. Ribosomes
K. Specialized
Vesicle, a Lysosome
M. Vesicle/Vacuole
Cell Quiz Answer Key
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A
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Smooth E.R.
Ribosome
Rough E.R.
Lysosome (Special vesicle)
Vesicle/Vacuole
Chromosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth E.R.
Cell Membrane
Centriole
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondrion
Vesicle/Vacuole
Recognition is given to the following URL addresses where the
images in this PowerPoint were found
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Plant cell : http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg
Cell phone image: http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1354686/2/istockphoto_1354686_cell_phone_vector.jpg
Mass quantities of cell phones: http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/images/set1/cell_phones.gif
Moving amoeba:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg&imgrefurl=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~aca
rpi/NSC/13cells.htm&h=267&w=216&sz=20&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=P6TrdXiIXUDwGM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bcells%26gbv%3
D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
Frog: http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NIM/AF581~Frog-Posters.jpg
Hooke: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Hooke.html
Hooke’s microscope: http://www.arsmachina.com/images/hooke.jpg
Hooke’s cork: http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/images/hookecorkS.jpg
Leeuvenhoek: http://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Coleoptera/images/leeuvenh.jpg
Leeuvenhoek’s pond organisms: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/dropnewc2.jpg
Schleiden: http://www.gavagai.de/philosoph/IMAGES/schleiden.jpg
Schleiden plant cell: http://www.moe.gov.sg/edumall/tl/digital_resources/biology/images/HydrillaVerticillata.jpg
Schwann: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/scitech/HStheodo.jpg
Schwann cell diagram: http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/nervoussystem/celltypes/menu/image.gif
Virchow: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14-V002-11a.jpg
Virchow mitosis: http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/genetics/mitosis.gif
Cell looks like me cartoon: http://www.cs.hmc.edu/~rmcknigh/projects/bio52-project3/cartoon.gif
Cell membrane Janet Plowe: http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane_p2.jpg
Recognition continued:
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Female: http://www.health-safety-signs.uk.com/productimages/Acrylic-female-toilet-symbol-sign.gif
Paramecium:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/media/paramecium.jpg&imgrefurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~bio
l240/labs/lab_06protists/pages/paramecium.html&h=540&w=352&sz=17&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=5_My1Mkfovm_wM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%
3Dparamecium%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
Prokaryotic cell: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
Bacteria cell wall: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/prok.jpg
Cell Wall: http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2164.jpg
Animated Cell Parts Intro: http://www.wacona.com/promote/cells/cellani.gif
Cell membrane channel proteins: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/1/10/Cell-membrane-electrochemical.PNG
Cell diagram: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/mcb3011s/virusentanimal_files/cell400.jpg
Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
Nuclear envelope: http://www.ualr.edu/botany/nucleus.jpeg
Resting cell actual mitosis: http://www.molecularexpressions.com/micro/gallery/mitosis/resting.jpg
Cell Chromosomes: http://www.flickr.com/photos/flteach/4850119/
Nucleolus (actual): http://www.daviddarling.info/images/nucleolus.gif
Cytoplasm diagram: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cellcytoplasm.jpg
Microtubules and microfilaments: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016767.jpg
Centrioles actual: http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Glover/images/SAK.jpg
Centrioles: http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/centriole/centriole2.jpg
Cilia and flagella together good: http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/bio103/IMAGES/fg05_17a.jpg
Smooth and rough e.r. diagram: http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/cell.gif
Smooth and rough e.r. only diagram: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg
Smooth and rough e.r. actual: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cellbiology/SER1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/ser.htm&h=380&w=600&sz=51&hl=en&start=50&um=1&tbnid=l2zZTQ_k366OM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dendoplasmic%2Breticulum%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa
%3DN
Recognition continued:
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Ribosome protein syn diagram: http://anthro.palomar.edu/biobasis/images/protein_synthesis_at_ribosomes.gif
Ribosome and Cell: http://members.aol.com/dcaronejr/ezmed/cell.jpg
Golgi diagram: http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/midden/MITBCT/cb/org/golgi.gif
Golgi actual: http://z.about.com/d/biology/1/0/P/1/golgi.jpg
Lysosome diagram good: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8038&rendTypeId=4
Plant vacuole diagram: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/c7.6.15.Vacuole.jpg
Vacuole contractile: http://www.chadevans.co.uk/asite/Alevel/u02/ln/protozoa2_files/image002.jpg
Vacuoles actual: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE725300FG0010.gif
Wilted plant: http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/04/85/23208504.jpg
Phagocyte vacuoles: http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/topics/bloodsmears/bloodsmears16.jpg
Chromatin is DNA wound tightly: http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kfield/organelles/organelleimages/chromatin.gif
Plant cell diagram: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg
Mitochondria complete: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image110.gif
Mitochondria in actual plant cell: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Plant_Cell/Elodea/Mitochondria_MC_.jpg
Mitochondria actual: http://www.etsu.edu/biology/symbiosis/mitochondria.jpg
Cell Quiz :
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DCell%2BQuiz%26ei%3DUTF8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-390%26x%3Dwrt&w=336&h=452&imgurl=www.mansfield.ohiostate.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnCell.JPG&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansfield.ohiostate.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnimalCellQ.html&size=135kB&name=AnCell.JPG&p=Cell+Quiz&type=jpeg&no=8&tt=759&oid=dcd9166b78d4a1f8&ei=UTF-8
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Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
Can be found in animal and plant cells.
• These are usually larger in plant cells than they are in
animal cells.
• Mainly found in animal cells, some plants cells store
digestive enzymes in vacuoles.
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Only found in plant cells.
Found only on animal cells.
Found only in animal cells.
Found in plant, some fungi and some protist cells.