Download Mitosis/Meiosis Notes

Reproduction
I. Asexual reproduction - a new organism is produced from a
______________
_________________.
single
parent
A. Mitosis - __________
Cell
_______________
division
which takes place
in a series of steps directed by the ________________________
chromosomes
nucleus
in the _____________________
growth
development
1. Interphase - the ______________
and ________________
stage of a cell’s life cycle. Chromosomes (_______)
DNA are
____________________,
but are ______________________
invisible
duplicating
themselves. Then they become thick and visible as the
double strands are held together at the ___________________.
centromere
2. Prophase - ________________________
are fully visible.
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
membrane
__________________
and nuclear _________________
disappear.
A. Animal cells - ________________
move to
Centrioles
opposite ends of cell. ____________
_____________
Spindle
fibers
stretch across between the centrioles.
B. Plants do ________
NOT have centrioles.
3. Metaphase - Double strands of _____________________
chromosomes
line up near the _______________
of the cell. Each
middle
_____________________
attaches to a ___________
centromere
spindle ________.
fiber
4. Anaphase - Each centromere _______________
and the
divides
2 strands of each chromosome pull _______________
and pulls
apart
opposite
to the _________________
end of the cell.
5. Telophase - __________________
and _______________
centrioles
fibers
disappear. _____________________
become hard to see. The
Chromosomes
_____________
______________
forms in each new cell and the
nuclear
membrane
_____________________
forms.
nucleolus
**Once the nucleus has divided, the ________________
cytoplasm
Two identical cells form.
also separates by pinching off. ________
cell
plate
**In plant cells, a ____________
_____________
forms between
the 2 new nuclei. A new __________
____________
forms along
cell
wall
the cell plate. Plants do ________
NOT have centrioles, but DO have
_____________
_______________.
spindle
fibers
If a single cell undergoes mitosis every 5 minutes, how many cells
will result from this single cell after 1 hour?
Time
# of cells
Time
# of cells
0
1
35
128
256
2
40
5
10
45
512
4
1024
15
50
8
2048
20
16
55
4096
32
60
25
64
30
Mitosis Summary
nucleus
•Division of _____________,
then the __________
cell
nuclei
•Mitosis produces 2 new ______________
with the SAME NUMBER
original
of chromosomes as the _________________
cell.
•Humans have ______
46 chromosomes in most cells.
rapid
•Cancer - Abnormal ____________
growth of body cells. __________
Mitosis
is too fast!! This excess of cells forms a ________________.
tumor
Types of Asexual Reproduction (where the offspring are
genetically _______________
identical
to the parent - their ________
DNA
is the same!)
1. Fission - ____________________________________________
One cell dividing into 2
___________________________________________________
new individual cells
bacteria
Example: ___________________
2. Vegetative Propogation - ______________________________
Growing plants from bulbs (ex: tulips),
___________________________________________________
potato eyes (tubers), runners (ex:
___________________________________________________
strawberries), etc.
3. Budding - __________________________________________
A smaller cell grows off a larger cell
___________________________________________________
Ex: yeast
4. Regeneration - _______________________________________
A new organism grows from a piece of the
___________________________________________________
parent.
Sponges and starfish
Example: ______________________________________
Sexual Reproduction - 2 parents are required to produce
gametes
offspring
________________.
Sex cells (_________________)
join together
to form a new __________________________.
individual
Sperm - (small with a whip-like tail)
Male gamete: ______________________________________
___________________________________________
Egg - (large with stored food)
Female gamete: ____________________________________
___________________________________________
**Gametes have ______
1/2
the number of chromosomes as a regular
_________
___________.
Gametes are formed during _________.
body
cell
meiosis
4 cells with one set of _____________
unpaired
Meiosis - Produces ____
chromosomes.
1. Meiosis takes place in the ______________
Reproductive _____________.
organs
A. Sperm in the ___________
or ______________
testes
stamen
ovary
B. Egg in ______________
or ________________
pistil
2. Two divisions of the nucleus
A. Meiosis I:
1. Prophase I - one parent cell with _____
pairs of
2
chromosomes
double-stranded ___________________.
___________
________________
appear.
Spindle
fibers
___________
Nuclear
____________and
membrane
____________
nucleolus
disappear.
2. Metaphase I - Pairs of
__________________
line up
chromosomes
centromeres
with __________________
at the
spindle
middle of the __________
fibers
_____________________.
3. Anaphase I – each
____________
____________
double
stranded
chromosome separates from its
matching chromosome and
apart
opposite
is pulled __________
to ______________
ends of the cell.
Telophase I - ________________
Cytoplasm
divides and _______
two cells
form. Each chromosome is
double
a ____________
strand.
B. Meiosis II - Each resulting nucleus has _____
1/2 the chromosomes
of the original cell.
1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
more cells form from the ____
2 cells
4. Telophase II - 2 _______
Telophase I
from ____________________.
Each of the ____
4 cells is a ________________.
gamete
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Haploid - having 1/2 the number of chromosomes as a body cell
Ex: Human gametes have 23 chromosomes (Haploid # = 23)
Diploid - the number of chromosomes in a regular body cell
Ex: Human body cells have 46 chromosomes (Diploid # = 46)
Sexual Reproduction - 2 gametes (________
and ___________)
egg
sperm
join together (in the process of ____________________)
to form a
fertilization
fertilized egg (______________).
The sperm and egg each carry
zygote
1/2 the genetic information for the new individual.
_____
each
***The fertilized egg carries genetic information from _________
_______________.
parent
2.1d ___________
Half
the genes come from each ______________.
parent
Sexually produced offspring are ________
to
NOT ______________
identical
either parent.
Through cell division, organisms
1. grow
2. replace wornout or damaged cells
3. produce whole new organisms
Reproduction
I. Asexual reproduction - a new organism is produced from a
______________ _________________.
A. Mitosis - __________ _______________ which takes place
in a series of steps directed by the ________________________
in the _____________________
1. Interphase - the ______________ and ________________
stage of a cell’s life cycle. Chromosomes (_______) are
____________________, but are ______________________
themselves. Then they become thick and visible as the
double strands are held together at the ___________________.
2. Prophase - ________________________ are fully visible.
__________________ and nuclear _________________
disappear.
A. Animal cells - ________________ move to
opposite ends of cell. ____________ _____________
stretch across between the centrioles.
B. Plants do ________ have centrioles.
3. Metaphase - Double strands of _____________________
line up near the _______________ of the cell. Each
_____________________ attaches to a ___________ ________.
4. Anaphase - Each centromere _______________ and the
2 strands of each chromosome pull _______________ and pulls
to the _________________ end of the cell.
5. Telophase - __________________ and _______________
disappear. _____________________ become hard to see. The
_____________ ______________ forms in each new cell and the
_____________________ forms.
**Once the nucleus has divided, the ________________
also separates by pinching off. ________ identical cells form.
**In plant cells, a ____________ _____________ forms between
the 2 new nuclei. A new __________ ____________ forms along
the cell plate. Plants do ________ have centrioles, but DO have
_____________ _______________.
If a single cell undergoes mitosis every 5 minutes, how many cells
will result from this single cell after 1 hour?
Time
# of cells
Time
# of cells
Mitosis Summary
•Division of _____________, then the __________
•Mitosis produces 2 new ______________ with the SAME NUMBER
of chromosomes as the _________________ cell.
•Humans have ______ chromosomes in most cells.
•Cancer - Abnormal ____________ growth of body cells. __________
is too fast!! This excess of cells forms a ________________.
Types of Asexual Reproduction (where the offspring are
genetically _______________
to the parent - their ________
is the same!)
1. Fission - ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Example: ___________________
2. Vegetative Propogation - ______________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Budding - __________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. Regeneration - _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
Example: ______________________________________
Sexual Reproduction - 2 parents are required to produce
________________. Sex cells (_________________) join together
to form a new __________________________.
Male gamete: ______________________________________
___________________________________________
Female gamete: ____________________________________
___________________________________________
**Gametes have ______ the number of chromosomes as a regular
_________ ___________. Gametes are formed during _________.
Meiosis - Produces ____ cells with one set of _____________
chromosomes.
1. Meiosis takes place in the ______________ _____________.
A. Sperm in the ___________ or ______________
B. Egg in ______________ or ________________
2. Two divisions of the nucleus
A. Meiosis I:
1. Prophase I - one parent cell with _____ pairs of
double-stranded ___________________.
___________ ________________ appear.
___________ ____________and ____________
disappear.
2. Metaphase I - Pairs of
__________________ line up
with __________________ at the
middle of the __________
_____________________.
3. Anaphase I – each
____________ ____________
chromosome separates from its
matching chromosome and
is pulled __________ to ______________
ends of the cell.
Telophase I - ________________
divides and _______ cells
form. Each chromosome is
a ____________ strand.
B. Meiosis II - Each resulting nucleus has _____ the chromosomes
of the original cell.
1. Phrophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II - 2 _______ cells form from the ____ cells
from ____________________.
Each of the ____ cells is a ________________.
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Sexual Reproduction - 2 gametes (________ and ___________)
join together (in the process of ____________________) to form a
fertilized egg (______________). The sperm and egg each carry
_____ the genetic information for the new individual.
***The fertilized egg carries genetic information from _________
_______________.
2.1d ___________ the genes come from each ______________.
Sexually produced offspring are ________ ______________ to
either parent.
Through cell division, organisms
1.
2.
3.