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Chapter 3 Section 3 Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Objectives • Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities. • Analyze the role of internal membranes in protein production. • Summarize the importance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. • Identify three structure in plant cells that are absent from animal cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. New Vocabulary • • • • • • • Endoplasmic reticulum Vesicle Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Chloroplast Central vacuole Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • In this section, we are studying eukaryotic cell organelles… • Why are we no longer studying prokaryotes? They do not have organelles Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Nucleus The __________________ Controls most functions of a eukaryotic cell • ____________ center • Located in the _______________ of animals cells and towards the __________ of plant cells side Animal cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • The nucleus is surrounded by a ___________ double membrane called the envelope nuclear _______________. • There is a dense region in the center of the nucleus called a _______________ nucleolus ribosomes – It makes ____________, which are the site of ____________ synthesis protein Ribosomes don’t have a membrane, they are made of RNA compact strands of _________ and proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • The nuclear envelope also contains small openings called _________ pores – These pores allow substances made inside the nucleus, like ribosomes, to leave and go to the _________ rest of the cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • DNA is also found inside the nucleus not – When the cell is ____ dividing, the DNA is found in long thin strands called ____________ chromatin – When the cell is dividing, the chromatin bundles up into rod-shaped objects called chromosomes ______________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Endoplasmic Reticulum ____________________________ (ER) • After ribosomes leave the nucleus, they may travel to the endoplasmic reticulum – It is an extensive system of internal membranes a hallway that are kind of like ____________________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles reactions • The ER carries out chemical ______________ and transports proteins through the cell ____________ • The many hallways of the ER provides more surface ___________ area _________ for chemical reactions to occur Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles • The portion of the ER with attached ribosomes is rough called the ____________ ER • The rough ER helps to ___________ process and transport ____________ proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes. • When the protein is completed, the portion of the ER containing the protein pinches to form a vesicle / vacuole ____________________ vesicle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. sac that • A vesicle is a small membrane bound ______ transports substances throughout the cell • These proteins made in the rough ER will eventually leave ___________ the cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles • The portion of the ER without attached ribosomes smooth is called the ____________ ER lipids – It makes ______________ and breaks down toxic __________ substances Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Free ________ Ribosomes floating in the • Ribosomes are also found ___________ cytosol so they are called “free” • Free ribosomes make proteins that will stay inside ______________ the cell, such as those used to organelles make new _______________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Golgi Apparatus ______________________________ • Before a protein can do its specific job, it must be ______________ and ___________ packaged transported correctly • Vesicles carry proteins to the golgi apparatus, which is UPS plant and animal of the cell kind of like the ______ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles flattened • The Golgi apparatus is a set of _____________, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • Vesicles attach to one side of the golgi apparatus cis called the _______ side and leave on the other side trans side called the ________ cis trans Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Lysosome ______________________ animal vesicles • Special _______________ found only in __________ cells that leave the golgi apparatus enzymes • They contain digestive _____________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles • These enzymes break down…. organelles – Worn out _______________ food – _________ particles viruses and _______________ bacteria – ___________ • When these substances are fully digested, vesicles expel ___________ them from the cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Centrioles __________________ centrioles • Another cell part found only animal cells in ___________ pairs • Occur in ________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • Each set in the pair is made triplets of 9 ____________ of microtubules • Help with cell ___________ division Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Mitochondria ______________________ • Organelles that make energy in the form of _______ ATP from organic compounds that you eat, like carbohydrates _______________________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles 2 • Similar to the nucleus, mitochondria have _____ membranes smooth – The outer membrane is ____________ folded – The inner membrane is ____________, allowing more surface area for chemical reactions to occur Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles DNA so the can • Mitochondria have their own _____ reproduce ________________ on their own, independently of the cell. • Their DNA is similar to the DNA of _____________ prokaryotic cells. – Because of this, mitochondria are thought to be descendents __________________ of primitive prokaryotes endosymbiont • One theory, called the __________________ theory, hypothesizes that mitochondria were absorbed ________________ into larger cells, eventually forming a eukaryote Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Structures of Plant Cells Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells: Cell Wall • __________ Chloroplasts • ____________ Central Vacuole • _____________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Cell Wall cellulose • Made of ______________ • Functions maintain the shape of support and __________ • helps _________ the cell protects the cell from damage • ____________ Connects plant cells with adjacent plant cells • ___________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Chloroplasts light CO2 • Organelles that use _________ energy, ______, and water to make food called ____________ glucose _______ • Has… 2 membranes – ____ – Series of stacks grana called __________, that contain chlorophyll ______________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles third • A __________ membrane surrounds the grana thylakoid – It is called the __________________ membrane • Like mitochondria, scientists propose that chloroplasts descendents of are ______________ ancient prokaryotes and are a part of the endosymbiont _____________ theory Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 3 Cell Organelles Central Vacuole • Takes up most of the volume of a __________ plant cell…pushes the nucleus to the __________ side • The central vacuole stores… food – __________ – __________ water – __________ ions waste – __________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Plastid _______________________ • Common name for any ___________ smaller vacuole in a plant Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 1 Label the cell parts below… Cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes Golgi apparatus Rough ER Smooth ER Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 2 Which structures in this cell are also found in prokaryotic cells? A. B. C. D. A and B C and D E and F A and E Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 3 Which features of plant cells are missing from this cell? F. G. H. J. cell wall and chloroplasts Golgi apparatus and mitochondria rough ER and lysosomes smooth ER and nucleus Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 4 What is the function of the structure labeled A? A. B. C. D. making ATP making carbohydrates making proteins moving proteins through the cell Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 5 Which of the following organelles does not have at least 2 membranes? A. B. C. D. chloroplast nucleus golgi apparatus mitochondria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Question 6 Which of the following organelles are only found in animal cells? A. B. C. D. nucleus and ER centrioles and lysosomes cell wall and cell membrane ribosomes and mitochondria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.