Download DAT 335: Music Perception and Cognition

Compositional Language(s)
Instructor: Prof. SIGMAN
Tuesday 13:00-15:00
Lecture II
Announcements
• Syllabus and other materials on Keimyung
Online Course System
0. Review: Typical Musical Parameters
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Pitch (고 저)
Rhythm (Pulse/Meter)
Melody
Harmony
Dynamic
Register
Timbre (음 색)
Texture (결)
Orchestration
I. Pitch, Intervals, and Tuning:
Pythagoras (582-500 BC)
A. Pythagoras’ Monochord
Interval Ratios (비 율)
Chromatic Intervals
Harmonic Series
Pythagorean Tuning (or Just
Intonation)
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Tuning of intervals is relative
Reference fundamental = C
Reference interval = P5 (3:2)
Key signatures with many #’s or b’s rare in
Baroque music
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Au2QFQ2
ppyg
II. Other Tuning Systems
A. Meantone Temperament
Meantone temperament, cont’d
• Used during Baroque (by Zarlino and other
Italian composers of the early 17th century)
• Keyboard instruments (harpsichord family)
tuned according to various meantone
temperaments
• Pitches tuned in perfect fifth stacks
B. Well temperament
Well-temperament properties
• Nearly equal tempered
• Used by Bach and his contemporaries in the
18th century
• Permits in-tune triads in all 24 keys
• …but each key has a different
characteristic/mood
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C. Equal Temperament (ET)
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Minor second (m2) = 12√2 (ca. 1.05)
ALL m2 the same
ALL octaves the same
Octaves are stretched (잡아 당기는)
Used since 19th century—standard piano
tuning
• Piano “out of tune with nature”
Well Tempered vs. Equal Tempered
Tuning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8MJzIwbog
III. Note Names and Solmisation
A. US/UK/Dutch etc. System
B. German System
C. French/Italian/Spanish System
D. Pitch vs. Pitch Class
• Pitch = Pitch (chroma) + Octave (height)
• Pitch class = pitch (chroma), independent of
octave (height)
IV. Modes/Scales/Tetrachords
A. Authentic and Plagal Modes
B. Authentic Mode Tetrachords
C. Ionian and Aeolian Modes
• Theoretical modes, added by Glareanus in
1500’s
D. Major and Minor Scale
Tetrachords
Minor/Major Tetrachord
Properties
• 2 tetrachords of scale are asymmetrical
(비대칭)
• Therefore: weight given to tonic
E. Other Common Scales
1. Pentatonic
2. Whole Tone
(2)
Symmetrical
3. Octatonic
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(3)
1) whole-half; 2) half-whole; 3) half-whole
Symmetrical
Used frequently by Olivier Messiaen (1908-92)
“mode of limited transposition”
4. Chromatic
• Chroma = colour (색)
5. Harry Partch 43-tone scale
V. Microtonality
Microtonal Increments
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Half-step (minor second) = semi-tone
/2 = quarter-tone
/2 = eighth-tone
/2 = sixteenth-tone
Etc…
Applications of Microtonality
• Tuning systems (e.g., Just Intonation)
• Synthetic (invented) scales
• Physical phenomena (e.g., beating and
difference tones)
• “Natural state” of instruments
• Spectral harmony (overtones)
• Deviations from semi-tones
[Microtonal Scale]
For next week:
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