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Technological and Environmental
Transformations
to 600 BCE
 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
 Early human development during the Paleolithic
Period
 Origins in Africa
 Hominids
 Anatomically modern humans
 develop about 150,000 years ago
 Begin migrations
Lucy
http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/they-lovelucy
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2cHuma
nevop2.sht ml
Settlement of Australia: Approximately 60,000 BCE
Settlement of Eurasia: Approximately 50,000 BCE
Settlement of Americas: Approximately 14,000 BCE
 Hunting-foraging
 Nomadic
 Small groups based on bonds of kinship
 Relatively Egalitarian
 Adaptation to local environment
 Development of stone tools
 Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and deterring
predators
 No written language
 Evidence of culture seen in cave paintings, artifacts,
and human remains
 Evidence of primitive, simple religion
 Lack of developed material culture
 hunter-foragers did interact with each other and
engage in exchange of ideas and goods
 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
 Neolithic: New Stone Age
 Began approx. 10,000 years ago
 Use of stone tools for agricultural production
 Most likely the result of climate change
 Domestication of plant and animal species
 See map on page 9 in textbook
 First began in the Eastern Mediterranean
http://huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH%20101%20Huber's%20Introduction%20to%20Anthropology.html
 Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
 Not all societies develop agriculture
 See map on page 9 of textbook.
 Agricultural centers emerged in:
 Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan Africa,
the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River, Papua New
Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCMhRwMrLoY
 Emerged in grasslands (steppes)
 Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
 Animal husbandry
 Mobile lifestyle
 Wealth measured in livestock
 Greater degree of complexity and cooperation
 More reliable food sources
 Population densities increase
 Permanent settlements
 Religion becomes more complex
 Some matrilineal, others patrilineal
 Trade developed between and among early agricultural
settlements
http://www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientp
agantimeline.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/en
try/Catal_Huyuk
http://howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG
 Dramatic impact on the environment
 Erosion
 Clearing of forests for farmland
 Desertification
 Overgrazing of pastureland
 Increase in human population
 Increase in disease
 Craft specialization
 Social Stratification
 Patriarchy
 Technological
innovations were
developed to improve
agricultural production,
trade, and transportation
 Key examples:
 Pottery
 Plows
 Woven textiles
 Metallurgy
 Wheels and wheeled
vehicles
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/po
ttery.htm
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural,
Pastoral, and Urban Societies
 Core and foundational civilizations emerged in the
following:
 Mesopotamia
 Egypt
 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
 Shang China
 Olmec
 Chavin
http://www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/interest.htm
Mesopotamia
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images2/mapane.jpg
Egypt
http://www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/map_e1
_l.gif
Indus River Valley Civilization
http://www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
The Yellow River Valley Civilization
Shang Dynasty
http://www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/shang-dynasty-map1.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-small.png
http://theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/week6.html
 State: a sovereign political entity which contains a
stable population, defined territory, and established
government
 Control over larger territory, population, and resources
 Divine Right
 Military
 Competition for land and resources
 Geography
 Bronze
 Iron
 Horses
 Chariots
 Composite bows
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx
Architecture and Urban Planning
Arts and Artisanship
Systems of Record Keeping
Law Codes
 Writing systems are believed to have emerged out of a
need for record keeping. As societies became more
complex and civilizations grew, there came about a
need to keep formal records.. Either way, most, BUT
NOT ALL, early civilizations developed some sort of
writing system. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia
developed the world’s first writing system when they
created a system known as cuneiform.
 Law codes became essential with the growth of
civilization. Laws were used to keep society orderly
and provide a system of justice. The best known law
code of the time is that of Hammurabi. Hammurabi
was the king of Babylon. His law code is an important
historic source because it helped to pioneer the idea of
justice and rule by law. However, his law code was
based upon a system of inequality in which
punishments were based upon social status.
Religion
 Polytheism: Belief in many gods
 Most common
 Vedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
 Monotheism: Belief in one god
 Hebrews
 Zoroastrianism (Persian Empire)
Trade
 Local, regional, and transregional trade
 Exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology
 Examples:
 Egypt and Nubia
 Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley