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Chapter 2 Ancient Middle East and Egypt 2.1 – City-States of Ancient Sumer Focus: What were the characteristics of the world’s first civilization? Fertile Crescent – Stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea (Tigris & Euphrates) – World’s first civilizations C. 3200 BC – Fertile- Soil Crescent- Shape 2.1 Ancient Sumer Mesopotamia – “between the rivers” – Within the Fertile Crescent – Between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – – Location of first civilization: Sumer* Persian Gulf 2.1 Mesopotamia Floods & Irrigation – Floods occur frequently – Controlled – canals, irrigation ditches Few Natural Resources – Bricks – clay & water – Trade – Wheeled vehicles 2.1 Sumer Sumerian Civilization – 12 separate city-states – Battle to control land & water – War leaders evolve Hereditary* rule 2.1 Sumerian Civilization Government – Ruler responsible City walls Irrigation system Led army Employed scribes Chief servant of gods Led ceremonies Society – Social Hierarchy: system of ranking groups Ruling family officials, high priests Lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans Peasant farmers Slaves 2.1 Sumerian Civilization Women – Goddesses highly ordered – Give women higher social ranking than later civilizations – Rights not equal to men 2.1 Sumerian Civilization Religion – Polytheistic*: worship many gods – Ziggurat: large stepped platform topped by a temple dedicated to the city’s chief god or goddess – rituals and prayers – After-life All live in a grim underworld with no release 2.1 Sumerian Civilization Writing (3200 BC) – Cuneiform: system of writing using wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets Earliest known form of writing (myths, prayers, laws, contracts) 2.1 Sumerian Civilization Legacy – – – 1900 BC – Sumerian civilization replaced by other civilizations & empires Conquerors adopt ideas Developed astronomy – Movement of planets & stars Mathematics Number system based on 6 – 60 minute hour – 360 degree circle 2.2 FIRST EMPIRES 2.2 – First Empires in Mesopotamia Focus: How did various strong rulers unite the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well-organized empires? Sargon (2300 BC) – Ruler of Akkad – Conquers Sumer city-states – First empire in history – Collapses after his death 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Hammurabi (1700 BC) King of Babylon Hammurabi’s Code* – first written law code (~300) Codify – arrange and set down in writing – “eye for an eye & a life for a life” Civil Law – private rights – taxes, marriage, divorce, property Criminal Law – offenses against others – robbery, assault, murder 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Hittites (1400-1200 BC) – From Asia Minor – Skill how to make Iron* – Sharper, harder, durable 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Assyrians (1350 BC) – – – – – Feared warriors Ordered Society Laws for royal household First libraries 612 BC - defeated Assyrians Skinning Alive 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Babylon (625 BC) – largest city – King Nebuchadnezzar – Rebuilt canals, temples, walls, & palaces – Hanging Gardens 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Persia – 539 BC – Conquer Babylon – Cyrus the Great Largest empire – Asia Minor to India Policy of tolerance to those conquered** 2.2 Persia - Mesopotamia Persians Conquer Babylonians Persians: Barter Economy – exchange a good or service for another Money Economy – Good paid for through exchange of token 2.2 Persia - Mesopotamia Persian Religion – Zoroaster (600 BC) – Persian religious thinker Taught of a “single” wise god (Monotheistic) Spoke of a heaven, hell and judgment day. 2.2 First Empires in Mesopotamia Phoenicians- (Sailors) – – – Occupied cities along eastern Mediterranean coast Colony – territory settled and ruled by people from another land “carriers of civilization” Alphabet – each symbol represents a single basic sound 22 symbols Greeks add vowels Phoenician Colonies Phoenician Alphabet 2.3 KINGDOM OF THE NILE 2.3 – Kingdom on the Nile Focus: How did the Nile influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt? Nile – 4,100 miles; longest river in the world – “Backwards” – – Northward flow Black Land – fertile land (10 miles wide) Red Land – desert 2.3 - Egypt Floods – – – Reservoirs (dry season) Irrigation Yearly Flood Floods in July Recedes in October Flood – Plant – Harvest Silt- fertilizer 2.3 - Egypt Geography – Upper Egypt (South) – From first cataracts*, waterfall & rapids, to 100 miles from Med. Sea Lower Egypt (North) Delta region – triangular marshlands; Nile empties into the Med. Sea Trade winds- blow in reverse- Southward 2.3 – Egypt Old Kingdom Old Kingdom – Dynasty – ruling family; power passes from one ruler to another Pharaohs – Egyptian kings – Human & divine – Absolute Power – own & rule all land – Bureaucracy* – system of government made up of different jobs and authority levels – Vizier* – chief minister who supervises goverment Various depts. – taxes, farming, etc. 2.3 - Egypt Old Kingdom Great Pyramids – Tombs where deceased live for eternity – Originally reserved for Royalty 2.3 - Egypt Middle Kingdom Turbulent period – Nile doesn’t flood regularly – Corruption & rebellion 1700 BC – Hyksos take over (100 year rule) – Introduce horse-drawn war chariot – Adopted Egyptian culture 2.3 – Egypt New Kingdom Hatshepsut (1472-1458 BC) – first female ruler; encouraged trade Thutmose III – Hatshepsut’s stepson; took over after becoming an adult – Warlike – Stretched borders to greatest extent 2.3 – Egypt New Kingdom Ramses II (1279-1213 BC) – Battles – Hittites vs. Egyptians – First recorded peace treaty – 99 years old – 150 children 2.3 - Egypt Nubia – – – – South of Egypt Trade & fight with Egypt Provide ivory, cattle, & slaves Conquered by Egypt during the New Kingdom 2.3 - Egypt Decline – 332 BC – last Egyptian dynasty ended; Greeks control 2.4 Egyptian Life 2.4- Egypt Focus: How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization? Religion – most important gods are associated with the sun and the Nile Amon-Re* – lord of the Gods; gave pharaohs right to rule & judged their actions 2.4 - Egypt Osiris – God of the dead; judges the soul – God of the Nile; controls the flood Isis – Daily lives of women 2.4 - Egypt Afterlife – Anubis- weighed soul – Osiris judges soul Aton- Eater of the Dead Happy Field of Food Book of the Dead* – Spells, charms, and formulas to survive the underworld journey 2.4 - Egypt Mummification – Preservation of body by embalming and wrapping in cloth – Body was preserved for the soul- in the afterlife 2.4 – Egypt Social Hierarchy Pharaoh & Royal Family Government Merchants, Scribes, & Artisans Peasant Farmers* *Slaves were considered property not people and were only outnumbered by peasant farmers. 2.4 - Egypt Social Class – Peasants Off-season: build palaces, temples, & tombs – Women Inherit property, buy & sell goods, divorce Excluded from government jobs & becoming scribes 2.4 – Egypt Writing Hieroglyphics* – Using pictures of symbols to represent objects, concepts, or sounds – Record important economic, royal, & official historical information 2.4 – Egypt Writing Papyrus – Plant that grows along the banks of the Nile – Paperlike writing material – Some of the world’s first paper 2.4 – Egypt Writing Rosetta Stone* – Passage carved on flat, black stone in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek – Decipher meaning of many hieroglyphs – Key to unlocking ancient language 2.4 – Egypt Science & Mathematics Medicine – – – Astronomy – Human body – mummification Surgical operations prosthetics Calendar: 12 months of 30 days Mathematics – Geometry Survey land Construction of pyramids & temples 2.5- Roots of Judaism Judaism (2,000 BC)- 4,000 years ago Developed by the Israelites- Hebrews Israel- Western End of Fertile Crescent 2.5- Roots of Judaism The Israelites were monotheistic – One god- opposite of polytheistic Making Judaism the world’s first monotheistic religion Believed in an omnipotent (powerful all knowing) god 2.5- Roots of Judaism Events were connected through God and God’s will The events and laws of Israel were written in the central text: The Torah – – First Five book of the Hebrew Bible Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy 2.5- Roots of Judaism The Torah: Told of Abraham – Lived near Ur (Mesopotamia) – Family migrated to Canaan – Considered the Father of the Israelites – Made a covenant with God Binding Agreement 2.5- Roots of Judaism The Covenant had two declarations: – One- The Israelites would have a special relationship with God- (God’s people) – Two- Canaan would be the land of the Israelites or their “Promised Land” 2.5- Roots of Judaism Moses- Later renewed God’s covenant Israelites were forced into Egypt (famine) Saved the Israelites from bondage/ slavery (Egypt) – Moved back to Canaan 2.5- Roots of Judaism David: 2nd King of Israel United the nation (12 Tribes) Solomon David’s Son Made Jerusalem the capital (beautiful) Projects were costly- high taxes- revolts Israel began to fall apart- no longer untied Israel conquered by Assyrians- Babylonians- Persians 2.5- Roots of Judaism Over the course of being captured many Israelites were forced to move: Many moved south of Israel to Judah- The Tribe of Judah This is where the term Jew comes from. 2.5- Roots of Judaism Judaism: Torah sometimes called the “Book of the Law” – – Some laws dealt with cleanliness and food preparation “Kosher” Society was male dominated – patriarchal – Men made decision in the home – In government – Women did have some rights 2.5- Roots of Judaism Prophet’s of Judaism warned to not break God’s laws and have strong ethics – – moral standards of behavior Like “acting right” or Comet Code At the heart of these laws are: The Ten Commandments – Laws that include keeping the Sabbath holy Day of rest and worship Jewish people (Saturday) 2.5- Roots of Judaism After returning from Babylonian captivity Many Jews moved throughout the world This dispersion of the Jewish people is known as: – The Diaspora