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Transcript
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and information from the Stars • X-ray image of the sun Electomagnet (EM) Specrtrum • All radiation, radio wave and light are part of the EM spectrum • Visible light is only a very small section of the whole spectrum Simpler version of the EM spectrum Wavelength- Distance covered by one full cycle of a wave- commonly measured crest to crest • CU physics site animation shows wavelengths • http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/waves_particles/index.ht ml Relative size of wavelengths Arecibo • The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico is the largest single dish telescope in the world. • This 1000 foot dish was constructed over a natural crater. (= 0.3km = 0.2 mi) Radio antenna and radio telescopes are large to pick up long wavelengths VLA • The very large array in Socorro New Mexico was built in the 1970’s. • It uses 27 radio telescopes all linked together in a Y shape. These telescopes simulate a large radio telescope 40 km in diameter. The SETI Project • SETI stands for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. • SETI began using the Arecibo telescope to look for alien signals. • In 1974 the Arecibo telescope sent a megawatt signal to outer space. Frequency- How often a complete wave passes a set point #waves/time = cycles/sec = Hertz (Hz) • Long wavelength = low frequency • Short wavelength = high frequency Energy in the wave • Long wavelength = low frequency = low energy • Short wavelength = high frequency = high energy Fill in your own chart: Spectra are created from excited electrons in atoms • Valence electrons absorb energy from heat, electricity, other EM emissions • Electrons jump up to a higher energy level • When electrons “fall” back to ground state they give off EM emisions Kinds of spectrum • Continuous spectrum- like the rainbow • Absorbtion Spectrum - has rainbow with “black” lines in it • Emmission spectrum – just a line or two or three…………. Of colored light Types of Galaxies- draw in • Elliptical • Spiral • Irregular Doppler Effect • Red Shift-move away – Lengthen wavelength – Color shifts toward red end • Blue shift-move toward – shorten wavelength – Color shifts toward blue end Mass of the universe determines fate • More than critical mass collapse Big Crunch another Big Bang? Does the universe occilate? Closed universe Less than critical mass expands forever Open universe HR diagram • Graphs stars Temp (color or spectral class) vs Absolute magnitude (Luminosity) Absolute magnitude – brightness based on being the same distance away from each star Apparent magnitude – brightness from Earth- all stars are different distances away HR Diagram Temp degrees C Put colored stars of appropriate size on your chart Layers of the Sun Micro-Wave & Infra-Red Telescopes 2 Famous Telescopes • In the 1960” Robert Wilson & Arno Penzias won the Noble Prize for their discovery with the first large microwave telescope. • COBE was a microwave / infra-red satellite in the 1980’s. Visible “Optical” Telescopes • Early history of optical telescopes. • Modern day observatories. • The future of optical telescopes. Yerkes Observatory • Built in 1897 the Yerkes telescope in Wisconsin is the largest refractor. • It has 40 inch diameter lens! The Mt. Wilson Hooker Telescope • In 1908 the largest reflector telescope was built on Mt. Wilson overlooking Los Angeles. • This Hooker telescope uses a 100 inch mirror to collect light. The Palomar Observatory, Hale Telescope • In 1948 the largest telescope was the 200 inch Hale telescope on Palomar Mountain, California. The BTA Telescope • Currently the largest single mirror telescope is the BTA, (Bolshoi Teleskop Azimutal) in Southern Russia. • The BTA was built in 1975 and uses a single 230 inch mirror to collect light! Multiple Mirror Telescopes • After building the huge BTA telescope, astronomers realized that 200 inches is the maximum size for a telescope. Anything larger than 200 inches and the mirror becomes distorted under its own weight. • The solution to this problem was to build multiple mirror telescopes. Multiple Mirror Telescopes • M.M.T. combine many mirrors to form one giant mirror. These mirrors are computer controlled to make a parabolic shape. • The KECK telescope in Hawaii is currently the largest telescope in the world with a total of 400 inches of segmented mirrors! 3 Famous Observatories • #1 Mauna Kea is Hawaii’s tallest peak and home to the largest telescopes in the world. • #2 Las Campanas Chile has some of the clearest seeing on the the planet. • #3 Kitt Peak Observatory in Tucson Arizona has a large collection of telescopes. Mauna Kea, Hawaii Las Campanas, Chile Chile The European Tel. In Chile Kitt Peak, Tucson Arizona Current Problems • Aside from money, two of the biggest problems facing optical observatories are: • 1. Light Pollution • 2. Atmospheric turbulence The Hubble Space Telescope • By placing a telescope in orbit you solve the problems of light pollution and atmospheric turbulence. • In 1990 the space shuttle Discovery was launched with the 90 inch Hubble Space Telescope. The Future of Optical Telescopes • The NGT (Next Generation Telescope) will be a 300 inch multiple mirror orbiting space telescope. • The ELT will be a 30 meter (3 times larger than the Keck) segmented mirror telescope. 2 Plans for the NGT LBT Large Binocular Telescope One of the LBT mirrors GSM Giant Segmented Mirror ELT Extremely Large Telescope Ultra-Violet Telescopes • UV telescopes must observe from outer space. • These telescopes specialize in observing the sun. • The IUE is the International Ultra-Violet Explorer space telescope. The IUE The sun through the IUE X-Ray Telescopes • X-Ray telescopes study high energy objects like black holes. • The Chandra X-Ray telescope was launched into space two years ago. The Chandra X-Ray telescope The Sun in X-Rays Gamma Ray Telescopes • Gamma Ray telescopes study very high energy objects like gamma ray bursters and supernova explosions. • The Compton Gamma ray telescope was the most famous of these telescopes. Compton Gamma Ray Telescope The End