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Exploring the Universe Harcourt Science Unit D Chapter 4 Mrs.Strand 6th grade Lockwood Middle School Life Cycle of Stars • Terms – – – – – Fusion Main sequence Nebula Nova Supernova Life Cycle of Stars • Brightness of stars – Distance affects the brightness of stars – What we see is called the apparent magnitude – Absolute magnitude is a measurement of the brightness as if the distance from the earth was 32.6 light years away. A uniform distance, so it’s the real brightness. – Besides the sun, the brightest star is Sirius QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Types of Stars • All stars are made up of hot, glowing gases • Stars can appear red, blue or yellow based on surface temperature – Hottest stars are blue, coolest are red – Hertzspurg-Russel diagram classifies stars • 90° of stars are called the main sequence • Other stars include red giants, supergiants, and dwarfs QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rhill/alpo/images/ Birth & Death of Stars Stars form in huge, cool, dark clouds of dust and gases. When there is enough matter, the particles fuse into nebula. This fusion is where the stars get their energy. The centers are called protostars and determine how the star starts its life. The mass may be really hot which leads to high-mass blue stars. The mass may be cool which leads to low-mass red stars. The mass also determines how the star will die. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.phobos.pcm.hr/slike/Helix%20Nebula%20NGC7293.jpg Birth & Death of Stars QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/assets/images/starlife.jpg Types of Stars • Terms – Galaxy – Galactic cluster Types of starlight • Knowledge about stars is indirect based upon electromagnetic radiation (light & sound,infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, x-rays) • Stars are viewed with telescopes, radiowave receivers, and x-rays QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm What are galaxies? • • • • A large system of stars Our galaxy has our sun and billions of stars Our galaxy is 100,000 light-years across Other galaxies include Andromeda, but there are billions! QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groups_and_clusters_of_galaxies Shapes of galaxies QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_class.html http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_class.html http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/galaxies.php QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/ngc/lmc.html QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Models of the Universe • The universe is everything that exists! • How do we know how big it really is? • What do we know about black holes? How do we study space? • Terms: – Refracting telescope – Reflecting telescope QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.eurocosm.com/Application/images/telescopes/675-telescope-lg.jpg Refracting & Reflecting telescopes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.indepthinfo.com/telescopes/reflecting-telescopes.shtml Optical telescopes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. How do we study space? • People used to navigate by the stars we are always wanting to know where we come from and where we are going • Galileo developed a refracting telescope • 60 years later, Newton developed a reflecting telescope People VS No People • What are some potential problems with people in space? • What are some things that only people can do in space? Click Here for Timeline of Space Exploration Advanced Telescopes • • • • • Very sensitive instruments Hubble Space Telescope Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Cosmic Background Explorer Radio Telescopes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://quest.nasa.gov/hst/photo.html QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/emspectrum.html Investigate Further