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The Universe Section 1 Question of the Day: Jackie used a portable electric drill to remove screws from a broken wooden table. He noticed that the screws holding the table together were warm to the touch after being removed from the wood. What explains this phenomenon? A. Mechanical energy from the drill was converted into thermal energy due to friction. B. Electrical energy from the drill was converted into chemical energy due to resistance. C. Thermal energy from the drill was converted into mechanical energy due to inertia. D. The process of removing the screw concentrated the thermal energy that was already present in the wood. The Universe Section 1 What Are Stars? 〉 How are stars formed? 〉 Stars are formed from clouds of dust and gas, or nebulas, and go through different stages as they age. • star: a large celestial body that is composed of gas and emits light • light-year: the distance that light travels in one year; about 9.46 trillion kilometers The Universe Section 1 What Are Stars? continued • Stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions. – The core of a star is extremely hot, extremely dense, and under extreme pressure. – Nuclear fusion takes place in the core of a star. – Fusion combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms into helium. – When two particles fuse, energy is released. The Universe Section 1 Visual Concept: Nuclear Fusion The Universe Section 1 Fusion in a star: Gives it power and holds it together! The Universe Section 1 What Are Stars? continued • Energy moves slowly through the layers of a star. – Energy moves through the layers of a star by convection and radiation. – During convection, hot gas moves upward, away from the star’s center, and cooler gas sinks toward the center. – During radiation, atoms absorb energy and transfer it to other atoms in random directions. Atoms near the star’s surface radiate energy into space. The Universe Structure of the Sun Section 1 The Universe Section 1 Studying Stars 〉 How can we learn about stars if they are so far away? 〉 The telescope allowed astronomers to study stars in more detail for the first time. • Some stars appear brighter than others. – The brightness of a star depends on the star’s temperature, size, and distance from Earth. – The brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, appears so bright because it is relatively close to Earth. The Universe Section 1 Studying Stars, continued • We learn about stars by studying energy. – Stars produce a full range of electromagnetic radiation, from high-energy X-rays to low-energy radio waves. – Scientists use optical telescopes to study visible light and radio telescopes to study radio waves emitted from astronomical objects. – Earth’s atmosphere blocks some wavelengths, so telescopes in space can study a wider range of the spectrum. The Universe Section 1 Studying Stars, continued • A star’s color is related to its temperature. – Hotter objects glow with light that has shorter wavelengths (closer to the blue end of the spectrum). – Cooler objects glow with light that has longer wavelengths (closer to the red end of the spectrum). – Hot stars emit more energy at every wavelength than cooler stars do. The Universe Starlight Intensity Graph Section 1 The Universe Visible Light: Section 1 Ultraviolet Light: The Universe Section 1 Galaxy M81: • The following image shows Galaxy M81 taken at a wavelength that shows radio emissions from neutral hydrogen. • The most intense radiation is red and the least intense is blue. Scientists learn very important information about the structure and dynamics of clouds of dust and hydrogen around stars. • Scientists use an extremely powerful technique to study objects in space. They combine information from several widely different wavelengths. The Universe Section 1 Studying Stars, continued • Spectral lines reveal the composition of stars. – The spectra of most stars have dark lines caused by gases in the outer layers that absorb light at that wavelength. – Each element produces a unique pattern of spectral lines. – Astronomers can match the dark lines in starlight to the known lines of elements found on Earth. The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars 〉 What natural cycles do stars go through? 〉 In a way that is similar to other natural cycles, stars are born, go through various stages of development, and eventually die. • The sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust. – The sun formed about 5 billion years ago. – The sun was “born” when the process of fusion began in the core. The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars, continued • The sun has a balance of inward and outward forces. – The fusion reactions in the core of the sun produce an outward force that balances the inward force due to gravity. – Over time, the percentage of the sun’s core that is helium becomes larger. – Scientists estimate that the sun can continue nuclear fusion for another 5 billion years. The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars, continued • The sun will become a red giant before it dies. – As fusion slows, the outer layers of the sun will expand. – The sun will become a red giant. • red giant: a large, reddish star late in its life cycle – When the sun runs out of helium, the outer layers will expand and eventually leave the sun’s orbit. – The sun will become a white dwarf. • white dwarf: a small, hot dim star that is the leftover center of an old star The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars, continued • Supergiant stars explode in supernovas. – Massive stars evolve faster, develop hotter cores, and create heavier elements through fusion. – The formation of an iron core signals the beginning of a supergiant’s death. – Eventually the core collapses and then explodes in a supernova. • supernova: a gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and throws its outer layers into space, plural supernovae The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars, continued • Some supernovas form neutron stars and black holes. – If the core that remains after a supernova has a mass of 1.4 to 3 solar masses, the remnant can become a neutron star. – If the leftover core has a mass that is greater than three solar masses, it will collapse to form a black hole. • black hole: an object so massive and dense that not even light can escape its gravity The Universe Section 1 The Life Cycle of Stars, continued • The H-R diagram shows how stars evolve. – The vertical line on an H-R diagram indicates brightness in absolute magnitude. – The horizontal line on the H-R diagram indicates temperature. – Most stars appear in a diagonal line called the main sequence. – As stars age and pass through different stages, their positions on the H-R diagram change. • The sun is currently a main-sequence star. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=846-lVjLz1w&feature=related#watch-mainarea The Universe Section 1 The Universe Section 1 The Universe Life of a Star: Section 1 The Universe H-R Diagram Section 1 The Universe Section 1 Visual Concept: Types of Stars The Universe Section 1 Question: • What process is the source of a star’s energy? A. B. C. D. Nuclear Fission Convection Radiation Nuclear Fusion The Universe Section 1 Key Ideas 〉 How are stars formed? 〉 How can we learn about stars if they are so far away? 〉 What natural cycles do stars go through? The Universe Section 1 How are stars formed? • Stars are formed from clouds of dust and gas, or nebulas, and go through different stages as they age. The Universe Section 1 How can we learn about stars if they are so far away? • The telescope allowed astronomers to study stars in more detail for the first time. The Universe Section 1 What natural cycles do stars go through? • In a way that is similar to other natural cycles, stars are born, go through various stages of development, and eventually die.