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Renaissance
1300s-1500s
What was going on before?
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Middle Ages
– Black Death
– Conflict with church and kings
– Lack of education and innovation in
Christian world/Europe
Rebirth
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Greek & Roman
Human experience
vs. church (M.A.)
Individual
achievement
Adventure
Humanism
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“To [man} it is
granted to have
whatever he
chooses, to be
whatever he wills.”
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Difference from
Middle Ages?
Is it true? Then?
Now?
I will never
remove my
leaf bandana
until Laura
loves me.
Humanism
Focus on _____________ rather
than the church.
Education would stimulate the mind
and creativity
Francesco Petrarch – began
collecting the classics in
monasteries and churches –
motivating others to study Homer,
Virgil, Cicero
What is the greatest pain life
offers?
"To be able to say how much you
love is to love but little."
Why does the Renaissance take place
in Italy?
Why Italy?
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History – Roman Empire
Roman Catholic church supports art
Byzantine artist scholars leave – head to Italy
Geographic location
Trade provides money to support arts
Contact to Muslim society who kept knowledge
Lorenzo de Medici
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Leader of Florence
Patron of the arts
Filippo Brunelleschi
– Renaissance man
– art, engineering,
sculpture
Brunelleschi
Leon Alberti
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Architecture was a “social art”
Beauty with utility – improves society
– Form & function – present day
Renaissance vs. Middle Ages
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci – True
Renaissance Man
Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci
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Master of perspective – Last Supper
Architecture, engineering, Botany,
designs for helicopters, submarine and
other works before his time
Michelangelo
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Buonarroti
Sculptor, painter, architect, poet
originally blocked out in 1464. It’s documented that on Sept 9, 1501, he apparently
knocked off a “certain knot” that had been on the David’s chest. We believe this “knot” to
be the flaw.
In 1527 during an uprising, someone threw a chair out of a window in Palazzo Vecchio.
The chair broke David’s left arm in three places. Vasari claims that he personally picked
up the pieces.
David is tall – exactly 14 feet and 3 inches high.
His right hand is disproportionately large compared to the body. Why? Because in the
Middle Ages, David was commonly said to be of “manu fortis” – strong of hand.
David was left-handed. Yup, our hero’s a lefty.
The David was originally intended to be placed high up on the facade of Florence’s
Duomo. But when people saw the final product, they realized it would be a waste to hide
him up there. So, a commission made up of artists (including Botticelli and Leonardo) and
leading citizens was formed to decide where to put it. The placement in front of the main
entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio was favoured by members of the new Republican
government, who transformed the David into a political statement. He was set up as an
image of strong government as well as a warning to all who pass. The David displaced
another statue, the Judith and Holofernes by Donatello, that previously stood in that
location. The runner-up locations were in front of the Duomo or under the Loggia dei
Lanzi.
The decision to move David to the Accademia for preservation was taken in 1872. The
transportation of the colossal work took place in a cart laid on train tracks from Piazza
della Signoria to the museum. It took three days.
There are many copies of the David. One was given to Queen Victoria, who had it shipped
directly to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1857. Queen Victoria then
Michelangelo
Advancements
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Included individuals from the time
Copied ideas of Greeks and Romans
Created realistic art of humans and environment
Perspective – cause appearance of 3 dimensions
Shading - round, real
Oil paints – reflect light
Studied human body
Raphael
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Blended Christian and classical styles
–
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The School of Athens
: Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus 3: (Federico II of Mantua?) 4: Anicius
Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles?
5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great?
8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: (Francesco Maria della Rovere?)
10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle 16: Diogenes 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) 18: Euclid or
Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Zoroaster 20: Ptolemy?
R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or
Timoteo Viti)[12]
Raphael – School of Athens
Ideal person Changes
Baldassare Castiglione
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Men
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Well-educated
Well-mannered
Poet, Athlete,
Music (wellrounded)
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Women
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Balances man
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Yin yang
Graceful and kind
The beauty on the
outside is because
of the beauty on
the inside
Castiglione
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“Who does not know that without women we can
feel no content or satisfaction throughout this life of
ours, which but for them would be rude and devoid
of all sweetness and more savage than that of wild
beasts? Who does not know that women alone
banish from our hearts all vile and base thoughts,
vexations, miseries, and those turbid melancholies
that so often are their fellows?”
Mathematics and Art
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Proportion
Fibonacci Numbers
Perspective
Golden ratio
BODY:
Adult body height: 7 heads high
Width from shoulder to shoulder: 3 head widths
Distance from the hip to toes: 4 heads
Distance from top of head to the bottom of chest: 2 heads
Distance from wrist to end of outstretched fingers: 1 head
Pelvic height: 1 head
Distance from elbow to end of outstretched fingers: 2 heads
FACE:
Eyes are halfway between top of the head and chin
Upper lip is halfway between eyes and chin
Corners of mouth line up with centers of eyes
Top of ears line up above the eyes, on eyebrows
Bottom of ears line up with bottom of nose
Body and Face Proportions
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BODY:
Adult body height: 7 heads high
Width from shoulder to shoulder: 3 head
widths
Distance from the hip to toes: 4 heads
Distance from top of head to the bottom of
chest: 2 heads
Distance from wrist to end of outstretched
fingers: 1 head
Pelvic height: 1 head
Distance from elbow to end of outstretched
fingers: 2 heads
Niccolò Machiavelli
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The Prince – guide for
rulers
– End justifies the
means
Machiavellian –
ruthless deceit in
politics
Realistic?